Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Finding the Missing Atheists Cover
By: Ryan Burge and  Hannah Smothers  
Open Access
|Sep 2020

References

  1. 1Archer, KJ and Kimes, RV. 2008. Empirical Characterization of Random Forest Variable Importance Measures. Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, 52(4): 22492260. DOI: 10.1016/j.csda.2007.08.015
  2. 2Baker, J and Smith, B. 2015. American Secularism: Cultural Contours of Nonreligious Belief Systems. NYU Press.
  3. 3Bellah, RN, et al. 2007. Habits of the Heart, With a New Preface: Individualism and Commitment in American Life. Berkeley, Calif. Los Angeles, Calif. London: University of California Press.
  4. 4Burscher, B, Vliegenthart, R and De Vreese, CH 2015. Using Supervised Machine Learning To Code Policy Issues: Can Classifiers Generalize Across Contexts? The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 659(1): 122131. DOI: 10.1177/0002716215569441
  5. 5Caplow, T. 1998. The Case of the Phantom Episcopalians. American Sociological Review, 63(1): 112113. DOI: 10.2307/2657481
  6. 6Converse, JM. 1986. Survey Questions: Handcrafting the Standardized Questionnaire. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.
  7. 7Cragun, RT. 2014. Who Are the ‘New Atheists’? In: Atheist Identities: Spaces and Social Contexts, Beamon, L and Tomlins, S (eds.), 195211. New York: Springer. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-09602-5_12
  8. 8Cragun, RT. 2016. Defining That Which is “Other to” Religion: Secularism, Humanism, Atheism, Freethought, etc. In: Zuckerman, P (ed.), Religion: Beyond Religion, 116. New York City: MacMillan Publishing Company (Macmillan Reference USA).
  9. 9Cragun, RT. 2019. Questions You Should Never Ask an Atheist: Towards Better Measures of Nonreligion and Secularity. Secularism and Nonreligion, 8(6). DOI: 10.5334/snr.122
  10. 10Day, A. 2011. Believing in Belonging: Belief and Social Identity in the Modern World. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199577873.001.0001
  11. 11Good, D. 1959. Questions on Religion in the United States Census. Population Index, 25(1): 316. DOI: 10.2307/2731545
  12. 12Grimmer, J. 2015. We Are All Social Scientists Now: How Big Data, Machine Learning, and Causal Inference Work Together. PS: Political Science & Politics, 48(1): 8083. DOI: 10.1017/S1049096514001784
  13. 13Hadaway, C, Kirk, P and Chaves, M. 1993. What the Polls Don’t Show: A Closer Look at US Church Attendance. American Sociological Review, 58(6): 741752. DOI: 10.2307/2095948
  14. 14Hadaway, CK, Marler, PL and Chaves, M. 1998. Overreporting Church Attendance in America: Evidence That Demands the Same Verdict. American Sociological Review, 63(1): 122130. DOI: 10.2307/2657484
  15. 15Hall, DE, Koenig, HG and Meador, KG. 2009. Hitting the Target: Why Existing Measures of “Religiousness” are Really Reverse-Scored Measures of “Secularism.” Explore (New York, N.Y.), 4(6): 36873. DOI: 10.1016/j.explore.2008.08.002
  16. 16Hall, DE, Meador, KG and Koenig, HG. 2008. ‘Measuring Religiousness in Health Research: Review and Critique’ Journal of Religion and Health, 47(2): 134163. DOI: 10.1007/s10943-008-9165-2
  17. 17Ham, J, Chen, Y, Crawford, MM and Ghosh, J. 2005. Investigation of the Random Forest Framework for Classification of Hyperspectral Data. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 43(3): 492501. DOI: 10.1109/TGRS.2004.842481
  18. 18Hout, M. 2017. Religious Ambivalence, Liminality, and the Increase of No Religious Preference in the United States, 2006–2014. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 56(1): 5263. DOI: 10.1111/jssr.12314
  19. 19Hout, M and Fischer, CS. 2002. Why More Americans Have No Religious Preference: Politics and Generations. American Sociological Review, 67(2): 165. DOI: 10.2307/3088891
  20. 20Hout, M and Greeley, A. 1987. The Center Doesn’t Hold: Church Attendance in the United States, 1940–1984. American Sociological Review, 325345. DOI: 10.2307/2095353
  21. 21Hout, M and Greeley, A. 1998. What Church Officials’ Reports Don’t Show: Another Look at Church Attendance Data. American Sociological Review, 63(1): 113119. DOI: 10.2307/2657482
  22. 22Hwang, K, Hammer, JH and Cragun, RT. 2011. Extending Religion-Health Research to Nontheistic Minorities: Issues and Concerns. Journal of Religion and Health, 50(3): 60822. DOI: 10.1007/s10943-009-9296-0
  23. 23Karp, JA and Brockington, D. 2005. Social Desirability and Response Validity: A Comparative Analysis of Overreporting Voter Turnout in Five Countries. The Journal of Politics, 67(3): 825840. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2508.2005.00341.x
  24. 24Kohut, A, Green, JC, Keeter, S and Toth, RC. 2001. The Diminishing Divide: Religion’s Changing Role in American Politics. Washington: Brookings Institution Press.
  25. 25Kosmin, BA, et al. 2009. American Nones: The Profile of the No Religion Population. Hartford, CT: Institute for the Study of Secularism in Society and Culture, 29.
  26. 26Kotsiantis, SB, Zaharakis, I and Pintelas, P. 2007. Supervised Machine Learning: A Review of Classification Techniques. Emerging Artificial Intelligence Applications in Computer Engineering, 160: 324. DOI: 10.1007/s10462-007-9052-3
  27. 27Lee, L. 2014. Secular or nonreligious? Investigating and Interpreting Generic “Not Religious” Categories and Populations. Religion, 44(3): 466482. DOI: 10.1080/0048721X.2014.904035
  28. 28Liaw, A and Wiener, M. 2002. Classification and Regression by randomForest. R News, 2(3):1822.
  29. 29Lim, C, MacGregor, CA and Putnam, RD. 2010. Secular and Liminal: Discovering Heterogeneity Among Religious Nones. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 49(4): 596618. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-5906.2010.01533.x
  30. 30Machalek, R and Martin, M. 1976. ‘Invisible’ Religions: Some Preliminary Evidence. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 15(4): 311321. DOI: 10.2307/1385634
  31. 31McCaffree, K. 2017. The Secular Landscape: The Decline of Religion in America. Berlin: Springer.
  32. 32McGuire, WJ. 1968. Personality and Attitude Change: An Information-Processing Theory. Psychological Foundations of Attitudes, 171: 196. DOI: 10.1016/B978-1-4832-3071-9.50013-1
  33. 33Muchlinski, D, Siroky, D, He, J and Kocher, M. 2016. Comparing Random Forest with Logistic Regression for Predicting Class-Imbalanced Civil War Onset Data. Political Analysis, 24(1), 87103. DOI: 10.1093/pan/mpv024
  34. 34Nederhof, AJ. 1985. Methods of Coping with Social Desirability Bias: A Review. European Journal of Social Psychology, 15(3): 263280. DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2420150303
  35. 35Nederhof, AJ and Zwier, AG. 1983. The ‘Crisis’ in Social Psychology, an Empirical Approach. European Journal of Social Psychology, 13(3): 255280. DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2420130305
  36. 36Pearce, L and Denton, ML. 2011. A Faith of Their Own: Stability and Change in the Religiosity of America’s Adolescents. Oxford University Press.
  37. 37Presser, S and Stinson, L. 1998. Data Collection Mode and Social Desirability Bias in Self-Reported Religious Attendance. American Sociological Review, 63(1): 137145. DOI: 10.2307/2657486
  38. 38Rudin, C. 2019. Stop Explaining Black Box Machine Learning Models for High Stakes Decisions and Use Interpretable Models Instead. Nature Machine Intelligence, 1(5): 206215. DOI: 10.1038/s42256-019-0048-x
  39. 39Scharkow, M. 2013. Thematic Content Analysis Using Supervised Machine Learning: An Empirical Evaluation Using German Online News. Quality & Quantity, 47(2): 761773. DOI: 10.1007/s11135-011-9545-7
  40. 40Schnell, T. 2015. Dimensions of Secularity (DoS): An Open Inventory to Measure Facets of Secular Identities. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 25(4): 272292. DOI: 10.1080/10508619.2014.967541
  41. 41Schwadel, P. 2020. The Politics of Religious Nones. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 59(1). DOI: 10.1111/jssr.12640
  42. 42Smith, TW. 1991. Counting Flocks and Lost Sheep: Trends in Religious Preference Since World War II. GSS Social Change Report, 26: 4042.
  43. 43Smith, TW and Seokho, K. 2007. Counting Religious Nones and Other Religious Measurement Issues: A Comparison of the Baylor Religion Survey and General Social Survey. GSS Methodological Report No.110:17.
  44. 44Smith, TW and Seokho, K. 2005. The Vanishing Protestant Majority. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 44(2): 211223. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-5906.2005.00277.x
  45. 45Storm, I. 2009. Halfway to Heaven: Four Types of Fuzzy Fidelity in Europe. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 48(4): 70218. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-5906.2009.01474.x
  46. 46Streb, MJ, Burrell, B, Frederick, B and Genovese, MA. 2007. Social Desirability Efects and Support for a Female American President. Public Opinion Quarterly, 72(1): 7689. DOI: 10.1093/poq/nfm035
  47. 47Svalastoga, K. 1965. Social Differentiation. New York: D. McKay Co.
  48. 48Swatos, WH and Christiano, KJ. 1999. Secularization Theory: The Course of a Concept. Sociology of Religion, 60(3): 209228. DOI: 10.2307/3711934
  49. 49Vernon, GM. 1968. The Religious “Nones”: A Neglected Category. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 7(2): 219229. DOI: 10.2307/1384629
  50. 50Woodberry, RD. 1998. When Surveys Lie and People Tell the Truth: How Surveys Oversample Church Attenders. American Sociological Review, 63(1): 119122. DOI: 10.2307/2657483
  51. 51Yinger, JM. 1969. A Structural Examination of Religion. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 8(1): 8899. DOI: 10.2307/1385257
  52. 52Zuckerman, P, Galen, LW and Pasquale, FL. 2016. The Nonreligious: Understanding Secular People and Societies. New York: Oxford University Press. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199924950.001.0001
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/snr.138 | Journal eISSN: 2053-6712
Language: English
Submitted on: Mar 30, 2020
Accepted on: Aug 14, 2020
Published on: Sep 29, 2020
Published by: Ubiquity Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

© 2020 Ryan Burge, Hannah Smothers, published by Ubiquity Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.