Have a personal or library account? Click to login
The Effect of Fearful Expressions on Multiple Face Tracking Cover

The Effect of Fearful Expressions on Multiple Face Tracking

By: Hongjun Jin and  Baihua Xu  
Open Access
|Jul 2015

References

  1. Allen R. Gabbert F. Exogenous social identity cues differentially affect the dynamic tracking of individual target faces Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition 2013 39 6 1982 1989 10.1037/a0033570
  2. Allen R. Mcgeorge P. Pearson D. G. Milne A. Multiple-target tracking: A role for working memory? The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology 2006 59 6 1101 1116 10.1080/02724980543000097
  3. Anderson A. K. Christoff K. Panitz D. De Rosa E. Gabrieli J. D. Neural correlates of the automatic processing of threat facial signals The Journal of Neuroscience 2003 23 13 5627 5633
  4. Bae G. Y. Flombaum J. I. Close encounters of the distracting kind: Identifying the cause of visual tracking errors Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics 2012 74 4 703 715 10.3758/s13414-011-0260-1
  5. Bankó É. M. Gál V. Vidnyánszky Z. Flawless visual short-term memory for facial emotional expressions Journal of Vision 2009 9 1 12.1 13 10.1167/9.1.12
  6. Botterill K. Allen R. McGeorge P. Multiple-object tracking: The binding of spatial location and featural identity Experimental psychology 2011 58 3 196 200 10.1027/1618-3169/a000085
  7. Carlson J. M. Reinke K. S. Spatial attention-related modulation of the N170 by backward masked fearful faces Brain and Cognition 2010 73 1 20 27 10.1016/j.bandc.2010.01.007
  8. Carlson J. M. Reinke K. S. Habib R. A left amygdala mediated network for rapid orienting to masked fearful faces Neuropsychologia 2009 47 5 1386 1389 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.01.026
  9. Cohen M. A. Pinto Y. Howe P. D. L. Horowitz T. S. The what-where trade-off in multiple-identity tracking Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics 2011 73 5 1422 1434 10.3758/s13414-011-0089-7
  10. D’Argembeau A. Van der Linden M. Influence of affective meaning on memory for contextual information Emotion 2004 4 2 173 188 10.1037/1528-3542.4.2.173
  11. de Gelder B. Teunisse J. P. Benson P. J. Categorical perception of facial expressions: categories and their internal structure Cognition and Emotion 1997 11 1 1 23 10.1080/026999397380005
  12. de-Wit L. H. Lefevre C. E. Kentridge R. W. Rees G. Saygin A. P. Investigating the status of biological stimuli as objects of attention in multiple object tracking PloS one 2011 6 3 e16232 10.1371/journal.pone.0016232
  13. Dolan R. J. Vuilleumier P. Amygdala automaticity in emotional processing Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2003 985 1 348 355 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2003.tb07093.x
  14. Doran M. M. Hoffman J. E. The role of visual attention in multiple object tracking: Evidence from ERPs Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics 2010 72 1 33 52 10.3758/APP.72.1.33
  15. Drew T. Vogel E. K. Neural measures of individual differences in selecting and tracking multiple moving objects The Journal of Neuroscience 2008 28 16 4183 4191 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0556-08.2008
  16. Eastwood J. D. Smilek D. Merikle P. M. Differential attentional guidance by unattended faces expressing positive and negative emotion Perception & psychophysics 2001 63 6 1004 1013 10.3758/BF03194519
  17. Eastwood J. D. Smilek D. Merikle P. M. Negative facial expression captures attention and disrupts performance Perception & psychophysics 2003 65 3 352 358 10.3758/BF03194566
  18. Eimer M. Holmes A. McGlone F. P. The role of spatial attention in the processing of facial expression: An ERP study of rapid brain responses to six basic emotions Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience 2003 3 2 97 110 10.3758/CABN.3.2.97
  19. Eimer M. Kiss M. Attentional capture by task-irrelevant fearful faces is revealed by the N2pc component Biological psychology 2007 74 1 108 112 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2006.06.008
  20. Esteves F. Dimberg U. Öhman A. Automatically elicited fear: Conditioned skin conductance responses to masked facial expressions Cognition & Emotion 1994 8 5 393 413 10.1080/02699939408408949
  21. Flombaum J. I. Scholl B. J. Pylyshyn Z. W. Attentional resources in visual tracking through occlusion: The high-beams effect Cognition 2008 107 3 904 931 10.1016/j.cognition.2007.12.015
  22. Fougnie D. Marois R. Distinct capacity limits for attention and working memory: Evidence from attentive tracking and visual working memory paradigms Psychological Science 2006 17 6 526 534 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01739.x
  23. Fougnie D. Marois R. Attentive tracking disrupts feature binding in visual working memory Visual Cognition 2009 17 1–2 48 66 10.1080/13506280802281337
  24. Fox E. Processing emotional facial expressions: The role of anxiety and awareness Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience 2002 2 1 52 63 10.3758/CABN.2.1.52
  25. Franconeri S. L. Alvarez G. A. Enns J. T. How many locations can be selected at once? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 2007 33 5 1003 1012 10.1037/0096-1523.33.5.1003
  26. Franconeri S. Jonathan S. Scimeca J. Tracking multiple objects is limited only by object spacing, not by speed, time, or capacity Psychological Science 2010 21 7 920 925 10.1177/0956797610373935
  27. Franconeri S. L. Lin J. Y. Enns J. Pylyshyn Z. W. Fisher B. Evidence against a speed limit in multiple-object tracking Psychonomic bulletin & review 2008 15 4 802 808 10.3758/PBR.15.4.802
  28. Frischen A. Eastwood J. D. Smilek D. Visual search for faces with emotional expressions Psychological Bulletin 2008 134 5 662 676 10.1037/0033-2909.134.5.662
  29. Globisch J. Hamm A. O. Esteves F. Öhman A. Fear appears fast: Temporal course of startle reflex potentiation in animal fearful subjects Psychophysiology 1999 36 1 66 75 10.1017/S0048577299970634
  30. Gray K. L. Adams W. J. Hedger N. Newton K. E. Garner M. Faces and awareness: Low-level, not emotional factors determine perceptual dominance Emotion 2013 13 3 537 544 10.1037/a0031403
  31. Holmes A. Vuilleumier P. Eimer M. The processing of emotional facial expression is gated by spatial attention: evidence from event-related brain potentials Cognitive Brain Research 2003 16 2 174 184 10.1016/S0926-6410(02)00268-9
  32. Horowitz T. S. Klieger S. B. Fencsik D. E. Yang K. K. Alvarez G. A. Wolfe J. M. Tracking unique objects Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics 2007 69 2 172 184 10.3758/BF03193740
  33. Howe P. D. Holcombe A. O. The effect of visual distinctiveness on multiple object tracking performance Frontiers in psychology 2012 3 307 1 7 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00307
  34. Howe P. D. Horowitz T. S. Morocz I. A. Wolfe J. Livingstone M. S. Using fMRI to distinguish components of the multiple object tracking task Journal of Vision 2009 9 4 10.1 11 10.1167/9.4.10
  35. Huang D. Zhang Y. Zhang K. The effects of the relationships between object features on multiple-identity tracking Experimental psychology 2014 61 5 340 346 10.1027/1618-3169/a000253
  36. Intriligator J. Cavanagh P. The spatial resolution of visual attention Cognitive psychology 2001 43 3 171 216 10.1006/cogp.2001.0755
  37. Iordanescu L. Grabowecky M. Suzuki S. Demand-based dynamic distribution of attention and monitoring of velocities during multiple-object tracking Journal of Vision 2009 9 4 1.1 12 10.1167/9.4.1
  38. Jackson M. C. Wolf C. Johnston S. J. Raymond J. E. Linden D. E. Neural correlates of enhanced visual short-term memory for angry faces: an FMRI study PloS one 2008 3 10 e3536 10.1371/journal.pone.0003536
  39. Jackson M. C. Wu C.-Y. Linden D. E. Raymond J. E. Enhanced visual short-term memory for angry faces Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 2009 35 2 363 374 10.1037/a0013895
  40. Langeslag S. J. Morgan H. M. Jackson M. C. Linden D. E. Van Strien J. W. Electrophysiological correlates of improved short-term memory for emotional faces Neuropsychologia 2009 47 3 887 896 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.12.024
  41. Liu C. Chen W. Beauty is better pursued: Effects of attractiveness in multiple-face tracking the Quarterly journal of experimental psychology 2012 65 3 553 564 10.1080/17470218.2011.624186
  42. Liu T. Chen W. Liu C. H. Fu X. Benefits and costs of uniqueness in multiple object tracking: The role of object complexity Vision Research 2012 66 31 38 10.1016/j.visres.2012.06.009
  43. Liu T. Chen W. Xuan Y. Fu X. The effect of object features on multiple object tracking and identification Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics: Lecture Notes in Computer Science 2009 206 212 10.1007/978-3-642-02728-4_22
  44. Makovski T. Jiang Y. V. Feature binding in attentive tracking of distinct objects Visual Cognition 2009a 17 1–2 180 194 10.1080/13506280802211334
  45. Makovski T. Jiang Y. V. The role of visual working memory in attentive tracking of unique objects Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 2009b 35 6 1687 1697 10.1037/a0016453
  46. Masterson F. A. Crawford M. The defense motivation system: A theory of avoidance behavior Behavioral and brain sciences 1982 5 4 661 696 10.1017/S0140525X00014114
  47. Mather M. Nesmith K. Arousal-enhanced location memory for pictures Journal of memory and language 2008 58 2 449 464 10.1016/j.jml.2007.01.004
  48. Mineka S. Öhman A. Phobias and preparedness: The selective, automatic, and encapsulated nature of fear Biological psychiatry 2002 52 10 927 937 10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01669-4
  49. Öhman A. Automaticity and the amygdala: Nonconscious responses to emotional faces Current directions in psychological science 2002 11 2 62 66 10.1111/1467-8721.00169
  50. Oksama L. Hyönä J. Is multiple object tracking carried out automatically by an early vision mechanism independent of higher-order cognition? An individual difference approach Visual Cognition 2004 11 5 631 671 10.1080/13502680344000473
  51. Oksama L. Hyönä J. Dynamic binding of identity and location information: A serial model of multiple identity tracking Cognitive psychology 2008 56 4 237 283 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2007.03.001
  52. Peirce J. W. PsychoPy – psychophysics software in Python Journal of neuroscience methods 2007 162 1 8 13 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2006.11.017
  53. Peirce J. W. Generating stimuli for neuroscience using PsychoPy Frontiers in neuroinformatics 2008 2 10 10.3389/neuro.11.010.2008
  54. Pessoa L. McKenna M. Gutierrez E. Ungerleider L. Neural processing of emotional faces requires attention Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2002 99 17 11458 11463 10.1073/pnas.172403899
  55. Pessoa L. Padmala S. Morland T. Fate of unattended fearful faces in the amygdala is determined by both attentional resources and cognitive modulation Neuroimage 2005 28 1 249 255 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.05.048
  56. Pinto Y. Howe P. D. L. Cohen M. A. Horowitz T. S. The more often you see an object, the easier it becomes to track it Journal of Vision 2010 10 10 4.1 15 10.1167/10.10.4
  57. Pourtois G. Grandjean D. Sander D. Vuilleumier P. Electrophysiological correlates of rapid spatial orienting towards fearful faces Cerebral Cortex 2004 14 6 619 633 10.1093/cercor/bhh023
  58. Purcell D. G. Stewart A. L. Skov R. B. It takes a confounded face to pop out of a crowd Perception 1996 25 9 1091 1108 10.1068/p251091
  59. Pylyshyn Z. W. The role of location indexes in spatial perception: A sketch of the FINST spatial-index model Cognition 1989 32 1 65 97 10.1016/0010-0277(89)90014-0
  60. Pylyshyn Z. W. Some primitive mechanisms of spatial attention Cognition 1994 50 1–3 363 384 10.1016/0010-0277(94)90036-1
  61. Pylyshyn Z. W. Visual indexes, preconceptual objects, and situated vision Cognition 2001 80 1–2 127 158 10.1016/S0010-0277(00)00156-6
  62. Pylyshyn Z. W. Some puzzling findings in multiple object tracking (MOT): II. Inhibition of moving nontargets Visual Cognition 2006 14 2 175 198 10.1080/13506280544000200
  63. Pylyshyn Z. W. Things and places: How the mind connects with the world 2007 Cambridge, MA MIT Press
  64. Pylyshyn Z. W. Haladjian H. H. King C. E. Reilly J. E. Selective nontarget inhibition in multiple object tracking Visual Cognition 2008 16 8 1011 1021 10.1080/13506280802247486
  65. Pylyshyn Z. W. Storm R. W. Tracking multiple independent targets: Evidence for a parallel tracking mechanism Spatial vision 1988 3 3 179 197 10.1163/156856888X00122
  66. Ren D. Chen W. Liu C. H. Fu X. Identity processing in multiple-face tracking Journal of Vision 2009 9 5 18.1 15 10.1167/9.5.18
  67. Scholl B. J. Pylyshyn Z. W. Tracking multiple items through occlusion: Clues to visual objecthood Cognitive psychology 1999 38 2 259 290 10.1006/cogp.1998.0698
  68. Scholl B. J. Pylyshyn Z. W. Feldman J. What is a visual object? Evidence from target merging in multiple object tracking Cognition 2001 80 1–2 159 177 10.1016/S0010-0277(00)00157-8
  69. Searcy J. H. Bartlett J. C. Inversion and processing of component and spatial-relational information in faces Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 1996 22 4 904 915 10.1037/0096-1523.22.4.904
  70. Sears C. R. Pylyshyn Z. W. Multiple object tracking and attentional processing Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology 2000 54 1 1 14 10.1037/h0087326
  71. Sessa P. Luria R. Gotler A. Jolicœur P. Dell’Acqua R. Interhemispheric ERP asymmetries over inferior parietal cortex reveal differential visual working memory maintenance for fearful versus neutral facial identities Psychophysiology 2011 48 2 187 197 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2010.01046.x
  72. Shim W. M. Alvarez G. A. Jiang Y. V. Spatial separation between targets constrains maintenance of attention on multiple objects Psychonomic bulletin & review 2008 15 2 390 397 10.3758/PBR.15.2.390
  73. Tanaka J. W. Farah M. J. Parts and wholes in face recognition Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 1993 46 225 245 10.1080/14640749308401045
  74. Taylor T. L. Therrien M. E. Inhibition of return for faces Perception & psychophysics 2005 67 8 1414 1422 10.3758/BF03193646
  75. Tombu M. Seiffert A. E. Tracking planets and moons: Mechanisms of object tracking revealed with a new paradigm Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics 2011 73 3 738 750 10.3758/s13414-010-0060-z
  76. Trick L. M. Mutreja R. Hunt K. Spatial and visuospatial working memory tests predict performance in classic multiple-object tracking in young adults, but nonspatial measures of the executive do not Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics 2012 74 2 300 311 10.3758/s13414-011-0235-2
  77. Van Kleef G. A. How emotions regulate social life the emotions as social information (EASI) model Current directions in psychological science 2009 18 3 184 188 10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01633.x
  78. Vuilleumier P. Armony J. L. Driver J. Dolan R. J. Effects of attention and emotion on face processing in the human brain: an event-related fMRI study Neuron 2001 30 3 829 841 10.1016/S0896-6273(01)00328-2
  79. Yang E. Blake R. Deconstructing continuous flash suppression Journal of Vision 2012 12 3 8.1 14 10.1167/12.3.8
  80. Yantis S. Multielement visual tracking: Attention and perceptual organization Cognitive psychology 1992 24 3 295 340 10.1016/0010-0285(92)90010-Y
  81. Yin R. K. Looking at upside-down faces Journal of Experimental Psychology 1969 81 1 141 145 10.1037/h0027474
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/pb.bi | Journal eISSN: 0033-2879
Language: English
Published on: Jul 9, 2015
Published by: Ubiquity Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

© 2015 Hongjun Jin, Baihua Xu, published by Ubiquity Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.