Table 1
Descriptive Statistics of the Study Variables
| Variable | N | M(SD) | Min | Max | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Psychological IPV | 1472 | .46 (1.53) | 0.00 | 16.00 |
| 2. | Physical IPV | 1469 | .03 (.33) | 0.00 | 9.00 |
| 3. | Sexual IPV | 1472 | .01 (.10) | 0.00 | 2.00 |
| 4. | Self-perceived general health | 1471 | .98 (.80) | 0.00 | 4.00 |
| 5. | Stress level | 1471 | 1.96 (1.09) | 0.00 | 4.00 |
| 6. | Sleeping problems | 1472 | 1.07 (1.20) | 0.00 | 4.00 |
| 7. | Alcohol use | 1472 | 1.66 (1.31) | 0.00 | 4.00 |
| 8. | Relationship quality | 1471 | 44.96 (8.69) | 2.00 | 64.00 |
| 9. | Anxiety/Depression | 1471 | yes = 5.1% | ||
| 10. | Suicide attempt | 1471 | yes = 2.1% | ||
[i] Note. IPV = intimate partner violence.
Table 2
Descriptive Statistics and Frequencies of IPV Victimization in the Past 12 Months
| IPV | M(SD) | % |
|---|---|---|
| Psychological IPV | .46 (1.53) | 14.0 |
| Tried to limit the contact you have with your friend(s) or family members | .07 (.40) | 3.0 |
| Insisted on knowing with whom and where you were | .12 (.53) | 5.5 |
| Sworn at you, criticized you or ridiculed you for what you were doing or saying | .12 (.49) | 6.7 |
| Stopped talking to you, totally refused to discuss things with you | .11 (.46) | 5.9 |
| Did something to intimidate you (e.g., screaming, breaking objects, threatening to kill you or threatening to commit suicide) | .05 (.31) | 2.8 |
| Physical IPV | .03 (.33) | 1.3 |
| Thrown something at you, shaken you or grabbed you suddenly | .02 (.17) | 1.1 |
| Scratched you, pinched you, bitten you or pulled your hair | .00 (.07) | 0.4 |
| Slapped you, punched or kicked you, hit you with something that hurt you | .01 (.10) | 0.4 |
| Threatened you with a weapon, a dangerous object or attempted to kill you or strangle you | .00 (.05) | 0.1 |
| Prevented you from entering your home, locked you up, locked you out, or when in the car, left you by the roadside | .00 (.04) | 0.2 |
| Sexual IPV | .01 (.10) | 0.3 |
| Forced you to carry out sexual acts that you found degrading or humiliating | .00 (.07) | 0.2 |
| Forced you to undergo sexual touching, attempted or succeeded, by force, to have sex with you against your will | .00 (.07) | 0.1 |
[i] Note. IPV = intimate partner violence.
Table 3
Sociodemographic characteristics of respondents reporting psychological IPV by their current partner in the past 12 months
| Variable | M(SD) | Test of difference | Effect size | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Education level | - | χ2(1) = .00 | Phi = .00 |
| 2. | Area of residence | - | χ2(4) = 4.55 | V = .06 |
| 3. | Civil status | - | χ2(4) = 17.70*** | V = .11 |
| 4. | Perception social contact | - | χ2(1) = 4.99* | Phi = .06 |
| 5. | Age | 45.17 (14.81) | t(1446) = .89 | d = -.07 |
| 6. | Frequency of social activities | 2.24 (1.16) | t(1444) = -1.78 | d = .15 |
| 7. | Frequency of social contact | 3.13 (.78) | t(1437) = 1.04 | d =.08 |
[i] Note. IPV = intimate partner violence.
* p < .05. ** p < .001.
Table 4
Summary of Hierarchical Multiple Regression Analyses and Binary Logistic Regression Analysis Examining the Effect of Psychological IPV on Victims’ Individual Well-being
| General health | Stress level | Sleeping problems | Alcohol use | Depression/anxiety | Suicide | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B | SE B | β | B | SE B | β | B | SE B | β | B | SE B | β | B | SE B | Exp(B) | B | SE B | Exp(B) | |
| Gender | -.07 | .04 | -.04 | -.22*** | .06 | -.10 | -.49*** | .07 | -.20 | -.72*** | .07 | -.27 | -.41 | .26 | .67 | -.63 | .41 | .53 |
| Age | .01*** | .00 | .22 | -.01*** | .00 | -.19 | .01*** | .00 | .14 | -.01*** | .00 | -.09 | .01 | .01 | 1.01 | .01 | .01 | 1.01 |
| Educational level | -.25*** | .04 | -.16 | .28*** | .06 | .13 | .04 | .06 | .02 | -.37*** | .07 | -.14 | -.15 | .25 | .86 | -.71 | .41 | .49 |
| Psychological IPV | .15** | .05 | .26 | .17** | .07 | .22 | .16* | .07 | .19 | -.10 | .08 | -.10 | .56* | .29 | 1.76 | .27 | .28 | 1.32 |
| Gender x Psychological IPV | -.08** | .03 | -.22 | -.09* | .04 | -.18 | -.05 | .04 | -.09 | .04 | .05 | .06 | -.38 | .25 | .69 | -.11 | .20 | .90 |
| Total R2 | .09*** | .08*** | .07*** | .11 | ||||||||||||||
| Nagelkerke R | .03** | .04** | ||||||||||||||||
| n | 1433 | 1432 | 1432 | 1433 | 1436 | 1436 | ||||||||||||
[i] Note. IPV =intimate partner violence.
*** p < .001. ** p < .01. * p < .05.
Table 5
Summary of Hierarchical Regression Analysis to predict Relationship Quality from Psychological IPV
| Relationship quality | ||
|---|---|---|
| ∆R² | β | |
| Step 1 | .02*** | |
| Gender | -.03 | |
| Age | -.09*** | |
| Educational level | .08** | |
| Step 2 | .09*** | |
| Psychological IPV | -.38*** | |
| Step 3 | .00 | |
| Gender x Psychological IPV | .08 | |
| Total R² | .11*** | |
| n | 1432 | |
[i] Note. IPV = intimate partner violence.
* p < .05. ** p < .01. *** p < .001.