References
- 1Akaike, H. (1974). A new look at the statistical model identification. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 19(6): 716–723. DOI: 10.1109/TAC.1974.1100705
- 2Alessandri, G., Vecchione, M., Fagnani, C., Bentler, P. M., Barbaranelli, C., Medda, E., et al. (2010). Much more than model fitting? Evidence for the heritability of method effect associated with positively worded items of the life orientation test revised. Structural Equation Modeling, 17(4), 642–653. DOI: 10.1080/10705511.2010.510064
- 3Ames, M. E., Rawana, J. S., Gentile, P., & Morgan, A. S. (2015). The protective role of optimism and self-esteem on depressive symptom pathways among Canadian aboriginal youth. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 44, 142–154. DOI: 10.1007/s10964-013-0016-4
- 4Andersson, G. (1996). The benefits of optimism: a meta-analytic review of the life orientation test. Personality and Individual Differences, 21(5), 719–725. DOI: 10.1016/0191-8869(96)00118-3
- 5Arbuckle, J. L. (2016). Amos 24 User’s Guide. IBM. Retrieved from
ftp://public.dhe.ibm.com/software/analytics/spss/documentation/statistics/24.0/en/amos/Manuals/IBM_SPSS_Amos_User_Guide.pdf - 6Arslan, G. (2017). Psychological maltreatment, coping strategies, and mental health problems: A brief and effective measure of psychological maltreatment in adolescents. Child Abuse & Neglect, 68, 96–106. DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.03.023
- 7Brissette, I., Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (2002). The role of optimism in social network development, coping, and psychological adjustment during a life transition. J Pers Soc Psychol, 82(1), 102–111. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.82.1.102
- 8Brown, B. B. (2004).
Adolescents’ relationships with peers . In R. M. Steinberg (ed.), Handbook of adolescent psychology (pp. 363–394). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. DOI: 10.1002/9780471726746.ch12 - 9Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1992). Alternative Ways of Assessing Model Fit. Sociological Methods & Research, 21(2), 230–258. DOI: 10.1177/0049124192021002005
- 10Cano-García, F. J., Sanduvete-Chaves, S., Chacón-Moscoso, S., Rodríguez-Franco, L., García-Martínez, J., Antuna-Bellerín, M. A., & Pérez-Gil, J. A. (2015). Factor structure of the Spanish version of the Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R): Testing several models. Int J Clin Health Psychol., 15(2), 139–148. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijchp.2015.01.003
- 11Cariou, M., Raufaste, E., & Vautier, S. (2003). Dimensionality of the revised life orientation test and the status of filler items. International Journal of Psychology, 38(6), 390–400. DOI: 10.1080/00207590344000222
- 12Carver, C. S. (2014).
Optimism . In M. A. C. (ed.), Encyclopedia of quality of life and well-being research (pp. 4500–4503). Amsterdam, Netherlands: Springer. DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_2018 - 13Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1999).
Optimism . In C. R. Snyder (ed.), Coping: the psychology of what works (pp. 182–204). New York: Oxford University Press. - 14Carver, C., Schreier, M., & Segertrom, S. (2010). Optimism. Clinical Psychology review, 30, 879–889. DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2010.01.006
- 15Coyle, L. D., & Vera, E. M. (2013). Uncontrollable stress, coping, and subjective well-being in urban adolescents. Journal of Youth Studies, 16(3), 391–403. DOI: 10.1080/13676261.2012.756975
- 16Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. Faber & Faber.
- 17Field, A. (2013). Discovering Statistics using SPSS. London: SAGE.
- 18Glaesmer, H., Rief, W., Martin, A., Mewes, R., Brähler, E., Zenger, M., & Hinz, A. (2012). Psychometric properties and population-based norms of the Life Orientation Test Revised. British Journal of Health Psychology, 17, 432–445. DOI: 10.1111/j.2044-8287.2011.02046.x
- 19Gustems-Carnicer, J., Calderón, C., & Santacan, M. F. (2017). Psychometric properties of the Life Orientation Test (LOT-R) and its relationship with psychological well-being and academic progress in college students. Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología, 49, 19–27. DOI: 10.1016/j.rlp.2016.05.001
- 20Hampel, P., & Petermann, F. (2006). Perceived stress, coping, and adjustment in adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 38(4), 409–415. DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2005.02.014
- 21Hanssen, M. M., Vancleef, L. M. G., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Hayes, A. F., Schouten, E. G. W., & Peters, M. L. (2015). Optimism, Motivational Coping and Well-being: Evidence Supporting the Importance of Flexible Goal Adjustment. Journal of Happiness Studies, 16, 1525–1537. DOI: 10.1007/s10902-014-9572-x
- 22Herzberg, P. Y., Glaesmer, H., & Hoyer, J. (2006). Separating optimism and pessimism: A robust psychometric analysis of the Revised Life Orientation Test (LOT–R). Psychological Assessment, 18, 433–438. DOI: 10.1037/1040-3590.18.4.433
- 23Hinz, A., Sander, C., Glaesmer, H., Brähler, E., Zenger, M., Hilbert, A., & Kocalevent, M. (2017). Optimism and pessimism in the general population: Psychometric properties of the Life Orientation Test (LOT-R). International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 17, 161–170. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijchp.2017.02.003
- 24Hirsch, J. K., Britton, P. C., & Conner, K. R. (2010). Reliability of the Life Orientation Test–Revised in treated opiate-dependent patients. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 8, 423–431. DOI: 10.1007/s11469-009-9224-2
- 25Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteriaria for fit indexes in covariance structure. Structural Equation Modeling analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives, 6(1), 1–55. DOI: 10.1080/10705519909540118
- 26Jackson, S., & Goossens, L. (2020). Handbook of adolescent development. New York: Psychology Press. DOI: 10.4324/9780203969861
- 27Jovanovic, V., & Gavrilov-Jerkovic, V. (2013). Dimensionality and Validity of the Serbian Version of the Life Orientation Test-Revised in a Sample of Youth. J Happiness Stud, 14, 771–782. DOI: 10.1007/s10902-012-9354-2
- 28Kennes, A., Peeters, S., Janssens, M., Reijnders, J., Lataster, J., & Jacobs, N. (2020). Psychometric evaluation of the Mental Health Continuum – Short form (MHC-SF) for Dutch adolescents. Journal of Child and Family Studies, resubmitted after review. DOI: 10.1007/s10826-020-01803-4
- 29Keyes, C. L. M. (1998). Social well-being. Social Psychological Quarterly, 61, 121–140. DOI: 10.2307/2787065
- 30Keyes, C. L. M. (2002). The mental health continuum: From languishing to flourishing in life. Journal of health and social behavior, 43(2), 207–222. DOI: 10.2307/3090197
- 31Keyes, C. L. M., Wissing, M., Potgieter, J. P., Temane, M., Kruger, A., & van Rooy, S. (2008). Evaluation of the mental health continuum-short form (MHC-SF) in Setswana-speaking South Africans. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 15, 181–192. DOI: 10.1002/cpp.572
- 32Kleiman, E. M., Chiara, A. M., Liu, R. T., Jager-Hyman, S. G., Choi, J. Y., & Alloy, L. B. (2017). Optimism and well-being: a prospective multi-method and multi-dimensional examination of optimism as a resilience factor following the occurrence of stressful life events. Cognition and Emotion, 31(2), 269–283. DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2015.1108284
- 33Kline, R. B. (1998). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: The Guilford Press.
- 34Lyrakos, G. N., Damigos, D., Mavreas, V., et al. (2010). A Translation and Validation Study of the Life Orientation Test Revised in the Greek Speaking Population of Nurses among Three Hospitals in Athens and Ioannina. Soc Indic Res, 95, 129. DOI: 10.1007/s11205-009-9453-6
- 35McGorry, P., & van Os, J. (2013). Redeeming diagnosis in psychiatry: Timing versus specificity. The Lancet, 381(9863), 343–345. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61268-9
- 36Monzani, D., Steca, P., & Greca, A. (2014). Brief report: Assessing dispositional optimism in adolescence – Factor structure and concurrent validity of the Life Orientation Test – Revised. Journal of Adolescence, 37: 97–101. DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.11.006
- 37Murberg, T. A. (2012). The influence of optimistic expectations and negative life vents on somatic symptoms among adolescents: a one-year prospective study. Psychology, 3(2), 123–127. DOI: 10.4236/psych.2012.32018
- 38Muris, P., Meesters, C., & Van Den Berg, F. (2003). The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) further; evidence for its reliability and validity in a comm. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 12(1), 1–8. DOI: 10.1007/s00787-003-0298-2
- 39Nelson, E., Leibenluft, E., Tone, E., & Pine, D. (2005). The social re-orientation of adolescence: a neuroscience perspective. Psychological Medicine, 35, 163–174. DOI: 10.1017/S0033291704003915
- 40Nunnally, J., & Berstein, I. (1995). Psychometric theory. New York: Mcgraw-Hill.
- 41Paulhus, D. L., & Vazire, S. (2007). The self-report method. Handbook of research methods in personality psychology, 1, 224–239.
- 42Peters, G.-J. Y. (2014). The alpha and the omega of scale reliability and validity: Why and how to abandon Cronbach’s alpha and the route towards more comprehensive assessment of scale quality. European Health Psychologist, 16(2), 56–69. DOI: 10.31234/osf./h47fv
- 43Peters, M., Meevissen, Y. M., & Hanssen, M. M. (2013). Specificity of the Best Possible Self intervention for increasing optimism: Comparison with a gratitude intervention. Terapia psicológica, 31(1), 93–100. DOI: 10.4067/S0718-48082013000100009
- 44Phan, H. P. (2016). Longitudinal examination of optimism, personal self-efficacy and student well-being: a path analysis. Soc Psychol Educ, 19, 403–426. DOI: 10.1007/s11218-015-9328-4
- 45Puskar, K. R., Sereika, S. M., Lamb, J., Tusaie-Mumford, K., & McGuinness, T. (1999). Optimism and its relationship to depression, coping, anger, and life events in rural adolescents. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 20(2), 115–130. DOI: 10.1080/016128499248709
- 46R Core Team. (2019). R: A language and environment for statistical. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. URL
http://www.R-project.org/ . - 47Rand, K. L., Shanahan, M. L., Fischer, I. C., & Fortney, S. K. (2020). Hope and optimism as predictors of academic performance and subjective well-being in college students. Learning and Individual Differences, 81, 101906. DOI: 10.1016/j.lindif.2020.101906
- 48Rauch, W. A., Schweizer, K., & Moosbrugger, H. (2007). Method effects due to social desirability as a parsimonious explanation of the deviation from unidimensionality in LOT-R scores. Personality and Individual Differences, 42(8), 1597–1607. DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2006.10.035
- 49Ravens-Sieberer, U., Gosch, A., Rajmil, L., Erhart, M., Bruil, J., Power, M., et al. (2008). KIDSCREEN-52 quality of life measure for children and adolescents: psychometric results from a cross-cultural survey in 13 European countries. Value in Health, 11(4), 645–658. DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-4733.2007.00291.x
- 50Rawana, J. S., & Ames, M. E. (2012). Protective predictors of alcohol use trajectories among Canadian Aboriginal youth. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 41, 229–243. DOI: 10.1007/s10964-011-9716-9
- 51Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1985). Optimism, coping and health: Assessment and implications of generalised outcome expectancies. Health Psychology, 4, 219–247. DOI: 10.1037/0278-6133.4.3.219
- 52Scheier, M. F., Carver, C. S., & Bridges, M. W. (1994). Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem): A re-evaluation of the Life Orientation test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 1063–1078. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.67.6.1063
- 53Schonert-Reichl, K. A., & Lawlor, M. S. (2010). The Effects of a Mindfulness-Based Education Program on Pre- and Early Adolescents’ Well-Being and Social and Emotional Competence. Mindfulness, 1, 137–151. DOI: 10.1007/s12671-010-0011-8
- 54Segovia, F., Moore, J. L., Linnville, S. E., Hoyt, R. E., & Hain, R. E. (2012). Optimism predicts resilience in repatriated prisoners of war: A 37-year longitudinal study. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 25(3), 330–336. DOI: 10.1002/jts.21691
- 55Shrout, P. E., & Fleiss, J. L. (1979). Intraclass correlations: Uses in assessing rater reliability. Psychological Bulletin, 86(2), 420–428. DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.86.2.420
- 56Sisk, C. L., & Zehr, J. L. (2005). Pubertal hormones organize the adolescent brain and behavior. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, 26(3–4), 163–174. DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2005.10.003
- 57Smokowski, P. R., Evans, C. B. R., Cotter, K. L., & Webber, K. C. (2014). Ethnic identity and mental health in American Indian youth: Examining mediation pathways through self-esteem and future optimism. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 43, 343–355. DOI: 10.1007/s10964-013-9992-7
- 58Solberg, N. L., & Segerstrom, S. C. (2006). Dispositional optimism and coping: a meta-analytic review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10, 235–251. DOI: 10.1207/s15327957pspr1003_3
- 59Stone, M. (1979). Comments on model selection criteria of Akaike and Schwarz. (Series B). Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 41, 276–278. DOI: 10.1111/j.2517-6161.1979.tb01084.x
- 60Sulkers, E., Fleer, J., Brinksma, A., Roodbol, P. F., Kamps, W. A., Tissing, W. J., & Sanderman, R. (2013). Dispositional optimism in adolescents with cancer: Differential associations of optimism and pessimism with positive and negative aspects of well-being. British Journal of Health Psychology, 18, 474–489. DOI: 10.1111/j.2044-8287.2012.02096.x
- 61Sumi, K. (2004). The Japanese version of the Revised Life Orientation Test: Reliability and construct validity. Psychological Reports, 95, 86–88. DOI: 10.2466/pr0.95.1.86-88
- 62Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2001). Using Multivariate Statistics. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
- 63Tavakol, M., & Reg Dennick, R. (2011). Making sense of Cronbach’s alpha. Int J Med Educ, 2, 53–55. DOI: 10.5116/ijme.4dfb.8dfd
- 64ten Klooster, P. M., Weekers, A. M., Eggelmeijer, F., van Woerkom, J. M., Drossaert, C. H. C., Taal, E., et al. (2010). Optimisme en/of pessimisme: Factorstructuur van de Nederlandse Life Orientation Test-Revised. Psychologie & gezondheid, 38, 89–100. DOI: 10.1007/BF03089356
- 65Terwee, C. B., Bot, S. D. M., de Boer, M. R., van der Windt, D. A. W. M., Knol, D. L., Dekker, J., … de Vet, H. C. W. (2007). Quality criteria were proposed for measurement properties of health status questionnaires. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 60(1), 34–42. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.03.012
- 66Vacek, K. R., Coyle, L. D., & Vera, E. M. (2010). Stress, self-esteem, hope, optimism, and well-being in urban, ethnic minority adolescents. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 38(2), 99–111. DOI: 10.1002/j.2161-1912.2010.tb00118.x
- 67World Medical Association. (2013). World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. JAMA, 310(20): 2191–4. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2013.281053
- 68Wrosch, C., & Scheier, M. F. (2003). Personality and quality of life: the importance of optimism and goal adjustment. Quality of Life Research, 12(Suppl 1), 59–72. DOI: 10.1023/A:1023529606137
- 69Zenger, M., Finck, C., Zanon, C., Jimenez, W., Singer, S., & Hinz, A. (2013). Evaluation of the Latin American version of the Life Orientation Test-Revised. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 13, 243–252. DOI: 10.1016/S1697-2600(13)70029-2
