Figure 1
Social Psychological Model of Scientific Practices (SPMSP). Box 7 focuses on known problematic practices, but it should be obvious that, in each case, there is an opposite better practice (e.g., replace a nondiagnostic study design with a diagnostic one; replace small sample studies with large samples when possible).
Figure 2
The Research Credibility Pyramid.
Figure 3
The Importance of Canonization.
Figure 4
SPSPM-R, SPSPM With Reforms. This model is identical to the Social Psychological Model of Scientific Practices, with the following exceptions: The examples under each box header are not shown; a central box for science reforms has been added (in bold), as have several paths indicating how those reforms are predicted to influence scientific practices; Box 7 (Potentially Suboptimal Practices) only shows practices that are not expected to be affected by these reforms – all others are not shown. The new box and paths are shown with bold text and thicker boxes and arrows. Although there are no compelling reasons to predict that the major proposed reforms will alter the remaining suboptimal practices that are shown in Box 7, path p is included to permit the possibility that they may do so for reasons that are not yet well-understood. This model makes clear that most current reforms target statistics, methods, and practices, but not problems of logic or interpretation, nor the downstream consequences of inaccurate scientific conclusions.