References
- 1Baetens, I., Claes, L., Muehlenkamp, J., Grietens, H., & Onghena, P. (2011). Nonsuicidal and suicidal self-injurious behavior among Flemish adolescents: A websurvey. Archives of Suicide Research, 15, 56–67. DOI: 10.1080/13811118.2011.540467
- 2Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
- 3Caplan, S. E. (2006). Relations among loneliness, social anxiety, and problematic Internet use. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 10, 234–242. DOI: 10.1089/cpb.2006.9963
- 4Claes, L., Luyckx, K., & Bijttebier, P. (2014). Non-suicidal self-injury in adolescents: Prevalence and associations with identity formation above and beyond depression. Personality and individual differences, 61, 101–104. DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2013.12.019
- 5Claes, L., & Vandereycken, W. (2007).
The Self-Injury Questionnaire—Treatment Related (SIQ-TR): Construction, reliability, and validity in a sample of female eating disorder patients . In: Goldfarb, P. M. (Ed.), Psychological tests and testing research trends, 111–139. New York, NY: Nova Science Publishers. - 6Crepaz, N., & Marks, G. (2001). Are negative affective states associated with HIV sexual risk behaviors? A meta-analytic review. Health Psychology, 20, 291–299. DOI: 10.1037/0278-6133.20.4.291
- 7Galanaki, E. P. (2013). Solitude in children and adolescents: A review of the research literature. Psychology and Education – An Interdisciplinary Journal, 50, 79–88.
- 8Gandhi, A., Luyckx, K., Goossens, L., Maitra, S., & Claes, L. (2016). Sociotropy, autonomy, and non-suicidal self-injury: The mediating role of identity confusion. Personality and Individual Differences, 99, 272–277. DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.05.040
- 9Garisch, J. A., & Wilson, M. S. (2015). Prevalence, correlates, and prospective predictors of non-suicidal self-injury among New Zealand adolescents: Cross-sectional and longitudinal survey data. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 9, 28. DOI: 10.1186/s13034-015-0055-6
- 10Giletta, M., Scholte, R. H., Engels, R. C., Ciairano, S., & Prinstein, M. J. (2012). Adolescent non-suicidal self-injury: A cross-national study of community samples from Italy, the Netherlands and the United States. Psychiatry Research, 197, 66–72. DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2012.02.009
- 11Glad, C. A., Andersson-Assarsson, J. C., Berglund, P., Bergthorsdottir, R., Ragnarsson, O., & Johannsson, G. (2017). Reduced DNA methylation and psychopathology following endogenous hypercortisolism–A genome-wide study. Scientific Reports, 7. DOI: 10.1038/srep44445
- 12Goossens, L. (2014).
Affinity for aloneness in adolescence and preference for solitude in childhood: Linking two research traditions . In: Coplan, R. J., & Bowker, J. C. (Eds.), The handbook of solitude: Psychological perspectives on social isolation, social withdrawal, and being alone, 150–166. Malden, MA: Wiley Blackwell. - 13Goossens, L., & Marcoen, A. (1999).
Adolescent loneliness, self-reflection, and identity: From individual differences to developmental processes . In: Rotenberg, K. J., & Hymel, S. (Eds.), Loneliness in childhood and adolescence, 225–243. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511551888.011 - 14Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2010). Loneliness matters: A theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 40, 218–227. DOI: 10.1007/s12160-010-9210-8
- 15Hayes, A. F., & Preacher, K. J. (2014). Statistical mediation analysis with a multicategorical independent variable. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 67, 451–470. DOI: 10.1111/bmsp.12028
- 16Hazel, N. A., Oppenheimer, C. W., Technow, J. R., Young, J. F., & Hankin, B. L. (2014). Parent relationship quality buffers against the effect of peer stressors on depressive symptoms from middle childhood to adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 50, 2115 –2123. DOI: 10.1037/a0037192
- 17Heinrich, L. M., & Gullone, E. (2006). The clinical significance of loneliness: A literature review. Clinical Psychology Review, 26, 695–718. DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2006.04.002
- 18Kiekens, G., Claes, L., Demyttenaere, K., Auerbach, R. P., Green, J. G., Kessler, R. C., Bruffaerts, R., et al., (2016). Lifetime and 12-month non-suicidal self-injury and academic performance in college freshmen. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 46, 563–576. DOI: 10.1111/sltb.12237
- 19Lasgaard, M., Goossens, L., Bramsen, R. H., Trillingsgaard, T., & Elklit, A. (2011). Different sources of loneliness are associated with different forms of psychopathology in adolescence. Journal of Research in Personality, 45, 233–237. DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2010.12.005
- 20Maes, M., Klimstra, T., Van den Noortgate, W., & Goossens, L. (2015). Factor structure and measurement invariance of a multidimensional loneliness scale: Comparisons across gender and age. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24, 1829–1837. DOI: 10.1007/s10826-014-9986-4
- 21Marcoen, A., Goossens, L., & Caes, P. (1987). Loneliness in pre-through late adolescence: Exploring the contributions of a multidimensional approach. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 16, 561–576. DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2010.12.005
- 22Muehlenkamp, J. J., Walsh, B. W., & McDade, M. (2010). Preventing non-suicidal self-injury in adolescents: The signs of self-injury program. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39, 306–314. DOI: 10.1007/s10964-009-9450-8
- 23Nock, M. K. (2009). Why do people hurt themselves? New insights into the nature and functions of self-injury. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18, 78–83. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01613.x
- 24Nock, M. K., & Prinstein, M. J. (2005). Contextual features and behavioral functions of self-mutilation among adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114, 140–146. DOI: 10.1037/0021-843X.114.1.140
- 25Qualter, P., Brown, S. L., Munn, P., & Rotenberg, K. J. (2010). Childhood loneliness as a predictor of adolescent depressive symptoms: An 8-year longitudinal study. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 19, 493–501. DOI: 10.1007/s00787-009-0059-y
- 26Selby, E. A., Connell, L. D., & Joiner, T. E.,
Jr. (2010). The pernicious blend of rumination and fearlessness in non-suicidal self-injury. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 34, 421–428. DOI: 10.1007/s10608-009-9260-z - 27Swannell, S. V., Martin, G. E., Page, A., Hasking, P., & St John, N. J. (2014). Prevalence of nonsuicidal self-injury in nonclinical samples: Systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 44, 273–303. DOI: 10.1111/sltb.12070
- 28Vanheule, S., Desmet, M., Groenvynck, H., Rosseel, Y., & Fontaine, J. (2008). The factor structure of the Beck Depression Inventory–II: An evaluation. Assessment, 15, 177–187. DOI: 10.1177/1073191107311261
- 29Victor, S. E., & Klonsky, E. D. (2014). Correlates of suicide attempts among self-injurers: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 34, 282–297. DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2014.03.005
- 30Wang, J. M., Rubin, K. H., Laursen, B., Booth-LaForce, C., & Rose-Krasnor, L. (2013). Preference-for-solitude and adjustment difficulties in early and late adolescence. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 42, 834–842. DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2013.794700
- 31Xavier, A., Pinto-Gouveia, J., Cunha, M., & Carvalho, S. (2016). Self-criticism and depressive symptoms mediate the relationship between emotional experiences with family and peers and self-injury in adolescence. Journal of Psychology, 150, 1046–1061. DOI: 10.1080/00223980.2016.1235538
- 32You, J., Lin, M. P., & Leung, F. (2015). A longitudinal moderated mediation model of nonsuicidal self-injury among adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 43, 381–390. DOI: 10.1007/s10802-014-9901-x