On the Construct Validity of Performance-Based Emotion Recognition Tests: Correlations with Social-Emotional Functioning and Cognitive Skills

TEST	WOMEN (N = 111)		MEN (N = 116)		d	OVERALL (N = 227)		ALPHA	OmegaH	OmegaT
TEST	M	SD	M	SD	d	M	SD	ALPHA	OmegaH	OmegaT
Age (Years)	40.91	8.82	40.63	7.87		40.77	8.33
Highest Level of Education¹
Bachelor’s degree or equivalent undergraduate qualification	47 (42%)		56 (48%)			103 (45%)
Doctoral degree or equivalent advanced qualification	2 (2%)		2 (2%)			4 (2%)
Master’s degree or equivalent postgraduate qualification	20 (18%)		20 (17%)			40 (18%)
Secondary education (high school or equivalent)	42 (38%)		38 (33%)			80 (35%)
Absorption (MODTAS)	1.61	0.73	1.52	0.64	0.13	1.56	0.69	0.95	0.79	0.95
Vocational Interests (PGI-Short)
Liking_jobs_people	1.28	0.95	0.23	1.03	1.06	0.74	1.12	- -	- -	- -
Compentence_jobs_people	1.39	0.88	0.45	0.94	1.02	0.91	1.02	- -	- -	- -
General Social Curiosity	3.06	0.47	2.94	0.57	0.22	3.00	0.53	0.87	0.82	0.92
Covert Social Curiosity	2.81	0.59	2.36	0.68	0.71	2.58	0.67	0.85	0.73	0.90
Loneliness (UCLA)	2.31	0.61	2.37	0.66	–0.09	2.34	0.64	0.95	0.78	0.96
Social Efficacy	3.91	0.66	3.93	0.73	–0.03	3.92	0.70	0.82	0.77	0.86
Social Confidence	3.76	1.20	3.93	1.32	–0.13	3.84	1.26	0.85	0.75	0.90
SEE-48	0.63	0.11	0.64	0.12	–0.14	0.63	0.11	0.69	0.67	0.71
STEU	0.71	0.12	0.68	0.13	0.24	0.70	0.12	0.59	0.18	0.62
MRMET	0.71	0.11	0.67	0.11	0.39	0.69	0.11	0.64	0.16	0.67
GERT	0.57	0.12	0.55	0.13	0.16	0.56	0.13	0.71	0.40	0.73
Occupations Questionnaire	–0.40	0.17	–.59	0.19	1.07	–0.50	0.20	0.84	0.55	0.86
Empathy (QCAE)
Perspective taking	2.87	0.50	2.82	0.47	0.11	2.84	0.47	0.87	0.65	0.90
Online simulation	2.99	0.49	2.98	0.55	0.01	2.98	0.52	0.86	0.83	0.90
Emotion contagion	2.90	0.60	2.73	0.67	0.27	2.81	0.64	0.78	0.70	0.83
Proximal responsivity	3.00	0.53	2.78	0.67	0.37	2.89	0.61	0.74	0.66	0.78
Peripheral responsivity	2.97	0.56	2.68	0.62	0.49	2.82	0.61	0.69	0.09	0.74
Metacognition	3.19	0.53	3.10	0.56	0.16	3.14	0.55	0.95	0.85	0.97
Life Satisfaction (SWLS)	4.17	1.44	3.93	1.53	0.16	4.05	1.49	0.92	0.85	0.94
Lubben Social Network (LSNS-6)	2.55	0.89	2.33	0.92	0.24	2.44	0.91	0.83	0.57	0.93
Rejection Sensitivity (A-RSQ)
Rejection Concern	3.50	0.96	3.57	1.00	–0.07	3.53	0.98	0.84	0.68	0.87
Rejection Expectancy	2.41	0.63	2.59	0.76	–0.26	2.50	0.00	0.77	0.57	0.83
Predictors of Leisure Reading (PoLR)
Reading Motivation	5.59	1.16	5.08	1.38	0.40	5.33	1.30	0.91	0.82	0.94
Reading Demotivation	2.32	1.44	2.88	1.59	–0.37	2.61	1.54	0.92	0.89	0.93
Reading Attitudes	5.41	0.78	5.23	0.98	0.21	5.32	0.89	0.74	0.56	0.84
Author Recognition (ART3)	0.38	0.21	0.32	0.21	0.25	0.35	0.21	- -	- -	- -
Reading Habits (RHQ)
Fiction	1.86	1.08	1.69	1.14	0.15	1.77	1.11	0.88	0.64	0.91
Nonfiction	2.04	1.23	2.45	1.30	–0.32	2.25	1.28	0.78	0.66	0.87
Vocabulary (StuVoc4)	0.86	0.13	0.85	0.14	0.03	0.85	0.13	0.91	0.56	0.92
General Knowledge (GK)	0.71	0.13	0.75	0.13	–0.32	0.73	0.13	0.79	0.36	0.81

[i] Note. This table presents the means and SD for each measure. Effect size differences between genders are represented by Cohen’s d, with positive values indicating an advantage for women, and negative values indicating an advantage for men. Reliability statistics include alpha, omega hierarchical (OmegaH), and omega total (OmegaT). These could not be calculated for tests involving a difference score (indicated by - - in the table).

¹Highest Level of Education is presented in terms of total n for each value, with the percentage of participants in parentheses.

Exploratory Graph Analysis.
*Note*. This graph shows the relationships between all 31 test and subtest scores included in our test battery.

Test with too large redundancy given the overall network of tests examined.

The EGA analysis when redundant items are omitted.

Table 2

Allocation to clusters in parametric bootstrapping with 500 replications.

TEST	CLUSTER
TEST	C1	C2	C3	C4	C5
QCAE_peripheral_responsivity	0.92				0.07
QCAE_proximal_responsivity	0.90				0.08
QCAE_online_simulation	0.87				0.09
QCAE_emotion_contagion	0.85				0.09
Social_curiosity	0.76		0.07		0.13
Liking_jobs_people	0.74		0.05	0.05	0.15
Reading_absorption	0.71			0.18	0.07
metacognition_emotion_perception	0.45		0.37		0.16
Covert_curiosity	0.42	0.09	0.07	0.16	0.21
Social_efficacy	0.24		0.58		0.15
Reading_non.fiction	0.14			0.67	0.11
Rejection_concern	0.05		0.83		0.10
SEE_48		1.00
MRMET		1.00
GERT		1.00
STEU		0.99
Stuvoc		0.99
Life_satisfaction			0.89		0.08
Lubben_relations			0.89		0.08
Rejection_expectancy			0.85		0.10
Reading_demotivation				0.95
Reading_fiction				0.95