Table 1
Sociodemographic Variables by Sample and Statistics.
| CLINICAL-ORGANIZATIONAL SAMPLE (COS) (N = 238) | CLINICAL SAMPLE (CS) (N = 272) | STATISTICS | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | M (SD) | n (%) | M (SD) | ||
| Gender | χ2(2) = 12.34, p < .001 | ||||
| Female | 33 (14) | 72 (26) | |||
| Male | 205 (86) | 200 (74) | |||
| Work Situation | |||||
| Working | 211 (89) | 214 (79) | χ2(2) = 9.10, p < .01 | ||
| Sick Leave | 27 (11) | 58 (21) | |||
| Major Clinical Condition | |||||
| Anxiety/Mood | 157 (66) | 185 (68) | χ2(3) = 2.02, p = .567 | ||
| Behavior | 43 (18) | 44 (16) | |||
| Substances | 14 (6) | 22 (8) | |||
| Others/Not identified | 24 (10) | 21 (8) | |||
| Self-identified problems | |||||
| Professional | 84 (35) | 94 (35) | χ2(3) = 1.05, p = .789 | ||
| Relational/Family | 51 (21) | 60 (22) | |||
| Physical health | 65 (27) | 82 (30) | |||
| Others/Not Identified | 38 (16) | 36 (13) | |||
| Clinical History | |||||
| Psychological/Psychiatric Intervention | 60 (25) | 66 (24) | χ2(1) = .061, p = .805 | ||
| Psychotropic Medication | 33 (14) | 38 (14) | |||
| Age | 42.87 (9.18) | 41.51 (11.61) | F(1, 508) = 2.11, p = .147 | ||
| School Years | 11.63 (2.15) | 11.69 (3.17) | F(1, 508) = 0.07, p = .791 | ||
Table 2
Descriptive Statistic and Cohen’s d for the Validity, Higher-Order, and Restructured Clinical Scales in the Clinical-Organizational and Clinical Samples.
| CLINICAL ORGANIZATIONAL SAMPLE (COS) (N = 238) | CLINICAL SAMPLE (CS) (N= 272) | COHEN’S D (COS VS CS) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | SD | 95% CI | M | SD | 95% CI | ||||
| LL | UL | LL | UL | ||||||
| Validity Scales | |||||||||
| F-r | 56.64 | 15.40 | 54.68 | 58.61 | 65.64 | 14.70 | 63.89 | 67.40 | –0.60 |
| Fp-r | 52.12 | 11.82 | 50.61 | 53.63 | 60.10 | 13.29 | 58.52 | 61.69 | –0.63 |
| Fs | 54.18 | 12.93 | 52.53 | 55.84 | 59.74 | 13.53 | 58.12 | 61.35 | –0.42 |
| FBS-r | 54.53 | 13.05 | 52.86 | 56.19 | 58.53 | 12.33 | 57.05 | 60.00 | –0.32 |
| RBS | 55.66 | 14.61 | 53.79 | 57.52 | 60.80 | 13.80 | 59.15 | 62.45 | –0.36 |
| L-r | 49.71 | 9.82 | 48.46 | 50.96 | 45.96 | 9.60 | 44.81 | 47.11 | 0.40 |
| K-r | 48.10 | 9.98 | 46.82 | 49.37 | 41.88 | 7.62 | 40.97 | 42.79 | 0.71 |
| Higher-Order Scales | |||||||||
| EID | 55.21 | 12.95 | 53.55 | 56.86 | 62.71 | 11.31 | 61.36 | 64.06 | –0.62 |
| THD | 54.22 | 11.68 | 52.73 | 55.71 | 60.81 | 12.77 | 59.28 | 62.33 | –0.46 |
| BXD | 53.47 | 10.39 | 52.14 | 54.80 | 57.80 | 12.06 | 56.36 | 59.24 | –0.39 |
| Restructured Clinical Scales | |||||||||
| RCd | 55.40 | 12.74 | 53.78 | 57.03 | 63.29 | 10.59 | 62.03 | 64.56 | –0.68 |
| RC1 | 52.88 | 11.01 | 51.47 | 54.28 | 57.99 | 9.18 | 56.89 | 59.09 | –0.51 |
| RC2 | 54.88 | 13.30 | 53.18 | 56.58 | 60.43 | 12.08 | 58.99 | 61.87 | –0.44 |
| RC3 | 51.16 | 9.72 | 49.91 | 52.40 | 55.11 | 10.16 | 53.89 | 56.32 | –0.40 |
| RC4 | 54.35 | 11.48 | 52.89 | 55.82 | 61.73 | 12.56 | 60.23 | 63.23 | –0.61 |
| RC6 | 56.31 | 12.31 | 54.74 | 57.88 | 61.20 | 12.95 | 59.65 | 62.74 | –0.40 |
| RC7 | 53.53 | 11.68 | 52.03 | 55.02 | 59.64 | 10.13 | 58.43 | 60.85 | –0.56 |
| RC8 | 53.00 | 11.39 | 51.54 | 54.45 | 60.51 | 12.32 | 59.04 | 61.98 | –0.63 |
| RC9 | 51.50 | 9.49 | 50.29 | 52.71 | 54.67 | 9.90 | 53.49 | 55.85 | –0.36 |
[i] Note. CI = confidence interval; LL = lower limit; UL = upper limit. F-r = Infrequent Responses; Fp-r = Infrequent Psychopathology Responses; Fs = Infrequent Somatic Responses; FBS-r = Symptom Validity; RBS = Response Bias Scale; L-r = Uncommon Virtues; K-r = Adjustment Validity; EID = Emotional/Internalizing Dysfunction; THD = Thought Dysfunction; BXD = Behavioral/Externalizing Dysfunction; RCd = Demoralization; RC1 = Somatic Complaints; RC2 = Low Positive Emotions; RC3 = Cynicism; RC4 = Antisocial Behavior; RC6 = Ideas of Persecution; RC7 = Dysfunctional Negative Emotions; RC8 = Aberrant Experiences; RC9 = Hypomanic Activation.
Table 3
Types of Response Attitude in the Clinical-Organizational and the Clinical Samples.
| CLINICAL-ORGANIZATIONAL SAMPLE (COS) (N= 238) | CLINICALSAMPLE (CS) (N = 272) | COS : CS | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F | % | F | % | OR | 95% CI | |
| Under-reporting | ||||||
| Without | 203 | 85 | 263 | 97 | ||
| With | 35 | 15 | 9 | 3 | 5.04* | [2.37, 10.72] |
| Global | (5) | (0) | ||||
| Social Desirability | (8) | (6) | ||||
| Defensiveness | (22) | (3) | ||||
| Over-reporting | ||||||
| Without | 194 | 82 | 180 | 66 | ||
| With | 44 | 18 | 92 | 34 | 0.44* | [0.29, 0.67] |
| Global | (20) | (35) | ||||
| Severe/Rare Complaints | (3) | (11) | ||||
| Somatic/Cognitive Complaints | (3) | (5) | ||||
| Not considered in any specific category§ | (18) | (41) | ||||
| Without Under and/or Over-Reporting | 159 | 67 | 171 | 63 | ||
[i] Note. § Participants that present only one type of Severe/Rare Complaint or one type of Somatic/Cognitive Complaint do not fit into any of these specific categories.
* p < .001.
Table 4
Descriptive Statistic and ANOVA for the Substantive Scales in the Clinical-Organizational and Clinical Samples.
| SCALES | CLINICAL-ORGANIZATIONAL SAMPLE (COS) (N = 238) | CLINICAL SAMPLE (CS) (N = 272) | OVER-REPORTING COS (n = 44) CS (n = 92) ANOVA | UNDER-REPORTING COS (n = 35) CS (n = 9) ANOVA | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OVER-REPORTING (n = 44) | UNDER-REPORTING (n = 35) | OVER-REPORTING (n = 92) | UNDER-REPORTING (n = 9) | |||||||||
| M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | F | ηP2 | F | ηP2 | |
| Higher-Order Scales | ||||||||||||
| EID | 71.14 | 10.69 | 42.23 | 6.67 | 69.83 | 10.72 | 48.56 | 4.75 | .45 | ‒ | 7.11* | 0.15 |
| THD | 69.34 | 12.31 | 47.09 | 7.54 | 71.43 | 11.66 | 52.78 | 9.50 | .93 | ‒ | 3.67 | ‒ |
| BXD | 58.45 | 12.34 | 46.60 | 7.00 | 60.54 | 12.23 | 56.44 | 10.83 | .86 | ‒ | 11.19** | 0.21 |
| Restructured Clinical Scales | ||||||||||||
| RCd | 71.75 | 9.83 | 42.74 | 5.29 | 70.47 | 9.16 | 50.67 | 4.56 | .56 | ‒ | 16.97*** | 0.29 |
| RC1 | 67.82 | 8.95 | 43.71 | 6.04 | 65.72 | 8.57 | 52.67 | 6.00 | 1.74 | ‒ | 15.76*** | 0.27 |
| RC2 | 67.45 | 14.25 | 44.20 | 8.25 | 64.78 | 12.19 | 49.33 | 4.12 | 1.28 | ‒ | 3.23 | ‒ |
| RC3 | 59.52 | 10.30 | 41.09 | 5.32 | 60.30 | 9.38 | 51.44 | 13.38 | .19 | ‒ | 13.47** | 0.24 |
| RC4 | 61.52 | 11.78 | 46.23 | 6.95 | 65.29 | 12.21 | 57.89 | 8.98 | 2.91 | ‒ | 17.86*** | 0.30 |
| RC6 | 70.25 | 12.95 | 47.11 | 9.00 | 70.60 | 12.76 | 55.22 | 10.77 | .02 | ‒ | 5.37* | 0.11 |
| RC7 | 68.48 | 9.27 | 41.71 | 6.62 | 67.07 | 10.11 | 50.89 | 4.05 | .06 | ‒ | 15.62*** | 0.27 |
| RC8 | 68.14 | 11.11 | 45.31 | 6.96 | 70.43 | 10.94 | 50.67 | 6.38 | 1.30 | ‒ | 4.64* | 0.09 |
| RC9 | 56.02 | 11.21 | 43.80 | 6.54 | 58.36 | 10.15 | 47.67 | 4.69 | 1.47 | ‒ | 2.76 | ‒ |
[i] Note. EID = Emotional/Internalizing Dysfunction; THD = Thought Dysfunction; BXD = Behavioral/Externalizing Dysfunction; RCd = Demoralization; RC1 = Somatic Complaints; RC2 = Low Positive Emotions; RC3 = Cynicism; RC4 = Antisocial Behavior; RC6 = Ideas of Persecution; RC7 = Dysfunctional Negative Emotions; RC8 = Aberrant Experiences; RC9 = Hypomanic Activation.
*p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001.
Table 5
Descriptive Statistics for the Substantive Scales in the Clinical-Organizational Subsamples.
| CLINICAL-ORGANIZATIONAL SUBSAMPLES | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UNDER-REPORTING (n = 35) | OVER-REPORTING (n = 44) | WITHOUT UNDER- OR OVER-REPORTING (n = 159) | ||||||||||
| M | SD | 95% CI | M | SD | 95% CI | M | SD | 95% CI | ||||
| LL | UL | LL | UL | LL | UL | |||||||
| Higher-Order Scales | ||||||||||||
| EID | 42.23 | 6.67 | 39.94 | 44.52 | 71.14 | 10.69 | 67.89 | 74.39 | 53.65 | 10.02 | 52.08 | 55.22 |
| THD | 47.09 | 7.54 | 44.49 | 49.68 | 69.34 | 12.31 | 65.60 | 73.08 | 51.60 | 8.33 | 50.30 | 52.91 |
| BXD | 46.60 | 7.00 | 44.20 | 49.00 | 58.45 | 12.34 | 54.70 | 62.21 | 53.60 | 9.62 | 52.10 | 55.11 |
| Restructured Clinical Scales | ||||||||||||
| RCd | 42.74 | 5.29 | 40.93 | 44.56 | 71.75 | 9.83 | 68.76 | 74.74 | 53.67 | 9.90 | 52.12 | 55.22 |
| RC1 | 43.71 | 6.04 | 41.64 | 45.79 | 67.82 | 8.95 | 65.10 | 70.54 | 50.76 | 8.17 | 49.48 | 52.04 |
| RC2 | 44.20 | 8.25 | 41.37 | 47.03 | 67.45 | 14.25 | 63.12 | 71.79 | 53.75 | 11.18 | 52.00 | 55.50 |
| RC3 | 41.09 | 5.32 | 39.26 | 42.91 | 59.52 | 10.30 | 56.39 | 62.66 | 51.06 | 8.04 | 49.80 | 52.32 |
| RC4 | 46.23 | 6.95 | 43.84 | 48.62 | 61.52 | 11.78 | 57.94 | 65.10 | 54.16 | 10.98 | 52.44 | 55.88 |
| RC6 | 47.11 | 9.00 | 44.02 | 50.21 | 70.25 | 12.95 | 66.31 | 74.19 | 54.48 | 9.39 | 53.01 | 55.95 |
| RC7 | 41.71 | 6.62 | 39.44 | 43.99 | 68.48 | 9.27 | 65.66 | 71.30 | 51.99 | 8.73 | 50.62 | 53.35 |
| RC8 | 45.31 | 6.96 | 42.92 | 47.71 | 68.14 | 11.11 | 64.76 | 71.51 | 50.50 | 8.20 | 49.21 | 51.78 |
| RC9 | 43.80 | 6.54 | 41.55 | 46.05 | 56.02 | 11.21 | 52.61 | 59.43 | 51.94 | 8.53 | 50.61 | 53.28 |
| Specific Problems: Somatic Scales | ||||||||||||
| MLS | 42.91 | 5.95 | 40.87 | 44.96 | 68.41 | 8.69 | 65.77 | 71.05 | 55.56 | 11.26 | 53.80 | 57.32 |
| GIC | 45.00 | 0.00 | 45.00 | 45.00 | 63.86 | 14.30 | 59.52 | 68.21 | 51.18 | 10.89 | 49.47 | 52.88 |
| HPC | 43.89 | 5.58 | 41.97 | 45.80 | 66.55 | 9.04 | 63.80 | 69.29 | 49.88 | 9.22 | 48.44 | 51.32 |
| NUC | 44.94 | 6.76 | 42.62 | 47.26 | 66.66 | 9.24 | 63.85 | 69.47 | 50.32 | 9.25 | 48.87 | 51.77 |
| COG | 43.83 | 6.33 | 41.65 | 46.00 | 70.20 | 11.51 | 66.71 | 73.70 | 52.26 | 11.19 | 50.51 | 54.02 |
| Specific Problems: Internalizing Scales | ||||||||||||
| SUI | 49.17 | 7.33 | 46.65 | 51.69 | 76.66 | 22.14 | 69.93 | 83.39 | 54.67 | 14.76 | 52.35 | 56.98 |
| HPL | 43.46 | 7.33 | 40.94 | 45.97 | 64.55 | 11.34 | 61.10 | 67.99 | 50.87 | 9.75 | 49.34 | 52.40 |
| SFD | 44.74 | 4.65 | 43.15 | 46.34 | 65.25 | 10.48 | 62.06 | 68.44 | 51.54 | 11.15 | 49.80 | 53.29 |
| NFC | 43.54 | 8.26 | 40.71 | 46.38 | 62.75 | 10.77 | 59.48 | 66.02 | 51.21 | 9.76 | 49.68 | 52.74 |
| STW | 43.77 | 7.74 | 41.11 | 46.43 | 62.52 | 10.14 | 59.44 | 65.61 | 52.09 | 9.60 | 50.59 | 53.60 |
| AXY | 45.14 | 7.12 | 42.70 | 47.59 | 70.27 | 11.41 | 66.80 | 73.74 | 51.64 | 9.47 | 50.16 | 53.12 |
| ANP | 42.94 | 4.41 | 41.43 | 44.46 | 66.39 | 10.76 | 63.12 | 69.66 | 51.24 | 10.48 | 49.60 | 52.88 |
| BRF | 45.60 | 6.90 | 43.23 | 47.97 | 59.25 | 9.82 | 56.27 | 62.23 | 49.22 | 7.78 | 48.00 | 50.44 |
| MSF | 46.06 | 7.96 | 43.32 | 48.79 | 50.34 | 9.94 | 47.32 | 53.36 | 47.53 | 8.03 | 46.27 | 48.79 |
| Specific Problems: Externalizing Scales | ||||||||||||
| JCP | 48.37 | 8.67 | 45.39 | 51.35 | 55.27 | 12.57 | 51.45 | 59.09 | 52.67 | 10.68 | 50.99 | 54.34 |
| SUB | 47.74 | 7.69 | 45.10 | 50.39 | 59.93 | 16.95 | 54.78 | 65.08 | 52.48 | 12.47 | 50.53 | 54.43 |
| AGG | 43.26 | 5.88 | 41.24 | 45.28 | 65.98 | 14.03 | 61.71 | 70.24 | 54.38 | 10.80 | 52.69 | 56.08 |
| ACT | 46.14 | 9.38 | 42.92 | 49.36 | 54.70 | 9.58 | 51.79 | 57.62 | 50.36 | 8.29 | 49.07 | 51.66 |
| Specific Problems: Interpersonal Scales | ||||||||||||
| FML | 43.37 | 5.93 | 41.33 | 45.41 | 61.82 | 11.63 | 58.28 | 65.35 | 50.84 | 9.51 | 49.35 | 52.33 |
| IPP | 47.46 | 8.12 | 44.67 | 50.25 | 56.59 | 14.36 | 52.22 | 60.96 | 49.57 | 9.74 | 48.04 | 51.09 |
| SAV | 47.66 | 8.58 | 44.71 | 50.60 | 66.02 | 13.15 | 62.02 | 70.02 | 53.57 | 11.05 | 51.84 | 55.30 |
| SHY | 44.40 | 6.52 | 42.16 | 46.64 | 61.77 | 11.06 | 58.41 | 65.14 | 51.42 | 10.32 | 49.81 | 53.04 |
| DSF | 47.69 | 8.71 | 44.69 | 50.68 | 72.59 | 16.49 | 67.58 | 77.61 | 52.36 | 12.10 | 50.46 | 54.25 |
| Personality Psychopathology Five (PSY-5) Scales | ||||||||||||
| AGGR-r | 50.63 | 7.69 | 47.99 | 53.27 | 51.91 | 16.02 | 47.04 | 56.78 | 52.55 | 10.53 | 50.90 | 54.20 |
| PSYC-r | 46.14 | 7.18 | 43.68 | 48.61 | 68.48 | 10.84 | 65.18 | 71.77 | 49.97 | 8.21 | 48.69 | 51.26 |
| DISC-r | 50.97 | 6.79 | 48.64 | 53.30 | 54.23 | 11.36 | 50.77 | 57.68 | 53.30 | 8.43 | 51.98 | 54.62 |
| NEGE-r | 42.80 | 6.64 | 40.52 | 45.08 | 67.50 | 10.99 | 64.16 | 70.84 | 51.92 | 8.87 | 50.54 | 53.31 |
| INTR-r | 48.29 | 8.73 | 45.29 | 51.29 | 66.75 | 14.05 | 62.48 | 71.02 | 53.91 | 11.18 | 52.16 | 55.66 |
[i] Note. CI = confidence interval; LL = lower limit; UL = upper limit. EID = Emotional/Internalizing Dysfunction; THD = Thought Dysfunction; BXD = Behavioral/Externalizing Dysfunction; RCd = Demoralization; RC1 = Somatic Complaints; RC2 = Low Positive Emotions; RC3 = Cynicism; RC4 = Antisocial Behavior; RC6 = Ideas of Persecution; RC7 = Dysfunctional Negative Emotions; RC8 = Aberrant Experiences; RC9 = Hypomanic Activation; MLS = Malaise; GIC = Gastrointestinal Complaints; HPC = Head Pain Complaints; NUC = Neurological Complaints; COG = Cognitive Complaints; SUI = Suicidal/Death Ideation; HLP = Helplessness/Hopelessness; SFD = Self-Doubt; NFC = Inefficacy; STW = Stress/Worry; AXY = Anxiety; ANP = Anger Proneness; BRF = Behavior -Restricting Fears; MSF = Multiple Specific Fears; JCP = Juvenile Conduct Problems; SUB = Substance Abuse; AGG = Aggression; ACT = Activation; FML = Family Problems; IPP = Interpersonal Passivity; SAV = Social Avoidance; DSF = Disaffiliativeness; AGGR-r = Aggressiveness-Revised; PSYC-r = Psychoticism-Revised; DISC-r = Disconstraint-Revised; NEGE-r = Negative Emotionality/Neuroticism-Revised; INTR-r = Introversion/Low Positive Emotionality-Revised.
Figure 1
Mean Profiles of Clinical-Organizational Subsamples on the Higher-Order and Restructured Clinical Scales.
Note. Clinical-Organizational Under-Reporting Subsample: n = 35; Clinical-Organizational Over-Reporting Subsample: n = 44; Clinical-Organizational Without Under- or Over-Reporting Subsample: n = 159. EID = Emotional/Internalizing Dysfunction; THD = Thought Dysfunction; BXD = Behavioral/Externalizing Dysfunction; RCd = Demoralization; RC1 = Somatic Complaints; RC2 = Low Positive Emotions; RC3 = Cynicism; RC4 = Antisocial Behavior; RC6 = Ideas of Persecution; RC7 = Dysfunctional Negative Emotions; RC8 = Aberrant Experiences; RC9 = Hypomanic Activation.
Figure 2
Mean Profiles of Clinical-Organizational Subsamples on the Specific Problems: Somatic and Internalizing Scales.
Note. Clinical-Organizational Under-Reporting Subsample: n = 35; Clinical-Organizational Over-Reporting Subsample: n = 44; Clinical-Organizational Without Under- or Over-Reporting Subsample: n = 159. MLS = Malaise; GIC = Gastrointestinal Complaints; HPC = Head Pain Complaints; NUC = Neurological Complaints; COG = Cognitive Complaints; SUI = Suicidal/Death Ideation; HLP = Helplessness/Hopelessness; SFD = Self-Doubt; NFC = Inefficacy; STW = Stress/Worry; AXY = Anxiety; ANP = Anger Proneness; BRF = Behavior -Restricting Fears; MSF = Multiple Specific Fears.
Figure 3
Mean Profiles of Clinical-Organizational Subsamples on the Specific Problems: Externalizing, Interpersonal and Personality Psychopathology Scales.
Note. Clinical-Organizational Under-Reporting Subsample: n = 35; Clinical-Organizational Over-Reporting Subsample: n = 44; Clinical-Organizational Without Under- or Over-Reporting Subsample: n = 159. JCP = Juvenile Conduct Problems; SUB = Substance Abuse; AGG = Aggression; ACT = Activation; FML = Family Problems; IPP = Interpersonal Passivity; SAV = Social Avoidance; DSF = Disaffiliativeness; AGGR-r = Aggressiveness-Revised; PSYC-r = Psychoticism-Revised; DISC-r = Disconstraint-Revised; NEGE-r = Negative Emotionality/Neuroticism-Revised; INTR-r = Introversion/Low Positive Emotionality-Revised.