Figure 1
Autoregressive cross-lagged research models.
Note. W7 = Wave 7; W8 = Wave 8; W9 = Wave 9.
Table 1
Descriptive Statistics.
| VARIABLE | MEAN | SD | RANGE | SKEWNESS | KURTOSIS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Depressive symptoms W7 | 1.694 | 0.544 | 1–4 | 0.429 | –0.342 |
| Depressive symptoms W7 | 1.742 | 0.567 | 1–4 | 0.320 | –0.498 |
| Depressive symptoms W7 | 1.734 | 0.620 | 1–4 | 0.499 | –0.343 |
| Social withdrawal W7 | 2.365 | 0.729 | 1–4 | –0.215 | –0.439 |
| Social withdrawal W8 | 2.384 | 0.718 | 1–4 | –0.216 | –0.368 |
| Social withdrawal W9 | 2.340 | 0.723 | 1–4 | –0.206 | –0.525 |
| Self-esteem W7 | 3.834 | 0.603 | 1–5 | –0.175 | –0.074 |
| Self-esteem W8 | 3.828 | 0.663 | 1–5 | –0.210 | –0.027 |
| Self-esteem W9 | 3.818 | 0.677 | 1–5 | –0.283 | 0.268 |
| School adaptation W7 | 3.768 | 0.578 | 1–5 | –0.127 | 0.249 |
| School adaptation W8 | 3.770 | 0.617 | 1–5 | –0.311 | 0.903 |
| School adaptation W9 | 3.825 | 0.614 | 1–5 | –0.401 | 0.986 |
| Gender W7 | 0.505 | 0.500 | 0, 1 | –0.020 | –2.006 |
| Household income W7 | 3.335 | 1.060 | 1–5 | –0.019 | –0.902 |
| Child neglect W7 | 1.758 | 0.510 | 1–4 | 0.333 | –0.359 |
| Area W7 | 0.652 | 0.477 | 0, 1 | –0.638 | –1.599 |
| Age W7 | 15.960 | 0.319 | – | – | – |
| Age W8 | 16.960 | 0.319 | – | – | – |
| Age W9 | 17.960 | 0.319 | – | – | – |
| Frequencies | % | – | – | – | |
| Gender W7 | |||||
| Boys | 294 | 49.5 | – | – | – |
| Girls | 300 | 50.5 | – | – | – |
| Area W7 | |||||
| Rural | 207 | 34.8 | – | – | – |
| Urban | 387 | 65.2 | – | – | – |
| Mother’s Nationality W7 | |||||
| China | 259 | 43.6 | – | – | – |
| Vietnam | 23 | 3.9 | – | – | – |
| Philippine | 269 | 45.3 | – | – | – |
| Thailand | 43 | 7.2 | – | – | – |
| N | 594 |
[i] Note. W7 = Wave 7; W8 = Wave 8; W9 = Wave 9.
Table 2
Autoregressive Cross-lagged Effects between Depressive Symptoms and School Adaptation.
| PATH | β | SE |
|---|---|---|
| Depressive symptoms W7 → Depressive symptoms W8 | 0.577*** | 0.035 |
| Depressive symptoms W8 → Depressive symptoms W9 | 0.648*** | 0.036 |
| School adaptation W7 → School adaptation W8 | 0.598*** | 0.035 |
| School adaptation W8 → School adaptation W9 | 0.668*** | 0.03 |
| Depressive symptoms W7 → School adaptation W8 | –0.122*** | 0.037 |
| Depressive symptoms W8 → School adaptation W9 | –0.055 | 0.033 |
| School adaptation W7 → Depressive symptoms W8 | –0.069* | 0.033 |
| School adaptation W8 → Depressive symptoms W9 | –0.038 | 0.034 |
| Gender → Depressive symptoms W7 | 0.195*** | 0.04 |
| Household income → Depressive symptoms W7 | –0.02 | 0.019 |
| Child neglect → Depressive symptoms W7 | 0.416*** | 0.039 |
| Area → Depressive symptoms W7 | 0.121** | 0.042 |
| Gender → School adaptation W7 | 0.002 | 0.044 |
| Household income → School adaptation W7 | 0.037 | 0.021 |
| Child neglect → School adaptation W7 | –0.388*** | 0.043 |
| Area → School adaptation W7 | –0.193*** | 0.047 |
[i] Note. N = 594. Unstandardized beta coefficients reported. Model fit: χ2(23) = 276.253 (p < .001); GFI = 0.914; RMR = 0.035. W7 = Wave 7; W8 = Wave 8; W9 = Wave 9. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001. Area reference variable = rural area.
Table 3
Autoregressive Cross-lagged Effects between Social Withdrawal and School Adaptation.
| PATH | β | SE |
|---|---|---|
| Social withdrawal W7 → Social withdrawal W8 | 0.564*** | 0.032 |
| Social withdrawal W8 → Social withdrawal W9 | 0.655*** | 0.031 |
| School adaptation W7 → School adaptation W8 | 0.651*** | 0.035 |
| School adaptation W8 → School adaptation W9 | 0.677*** | 0.029 |
| Social withdrawal W7 → School adaptation W8 | –0.001 | 0.028 |
| Social withdrawals W8 → School adaptation W9 | –0.041 | 0.026 |
| School adaptation W7 → Social withdrawal W8 | –0.159*** | 0.04 |
| School adaptation W8 → Social withdrawal W9 | –0.083* | 0.036 |
| Gender → Social withdrawal W7 | 0.146* | 0.059 |
| Household income → Social withdrawal W7 | –0.058* | 0.028 |
| Child neglect → Social withdrawal W7 | 0.194*** | 0.058 |
| Area → Social withdrawal W7 | 0.02 | 0.062 |
| Gender → School adaptation W7 | 0.002 | 0.044 |
| Household income → School adaptation W7 | 0.037 | 0.021 |
| Child neglect → School adaptation W7 | –0.388*** | 0.043 |
| Area → School adaptation W7 | –0.193*** | 0.047 |
[i] Note. N = 594. Unstandardized beta coefficients reported. Model fit: χ2(23) = 185.16 (p < .001); GFI = 0.943; RMR = 0.033. W7 = Wave 7; W8 = Wave 8; W9 = Wave 9. *p < 0.05; ***p < 0.001. Area reference variable = rural area.
Table 4
Autoregressive Cross-lagged Effects between Self-esteem and School Adaptation.
| PATH | β | SE |
|---|---|---|
| Self-esteem W7 → Self-esteem W8 | 0.929*** | 0.024 |
| Self-esteem W8 → Self-esteem W9 | 0.563*** | 0.036 |
| School adaptation W7 → School adaptation W8 | 0.433*** | 0.032 |
| School adaptation W8 → School adaptation W9 | 0.603*** | 0.034 |
| Self-esteem W7 → School adaptation W8 | 0.41*** | 0.031 |
| Self-esteem W8 → School adaptation W9 | 0.132*** | 0.03 |
| School adaptation W7 → Self-esteem W8 | 0.011 | 0.025 |
| School adaptation W8 → Self-esteem W9 | 0.139*** | 0.041 |
| Gender → Self-esteem W7 | –0.116** | 0.043 |
| Household income → Self-esteem W7 | 0.034 | 0.021 |
| Child neglect → Self-esteem W7 | –0.557*** | 0.042 |
| Area → Self-esteem W7 | –0.137** | 0.046 |
| Gender → School adaptation W7 | 0.002 | 0.044 |
| Household income → School adaptation W7 | 0.037 | 0.021 |
| Child neglect → School adaptation W7 | –0.388*** | 0.043 |
| Area → School adaptation W7 | –0.193*** | 0.047 |
[i] Note. N = 594. Unstandardized beta coefficients reported. Model fit: χ2(23) = 306.083 (p < 0.001); GFI = 0.911; RMR = 0.039. W7 = Wave 7; W8 = Wave 8; W9 = Wave 9. **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001. Area reference variable = rural area.