Table 1
Descriptives of all scales of EC-scale, BIS/BAS-scale, BFI, SCL-90-R, UCL and CD-RISC.
| N | M(SD) | g1 | g2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EC total score | 408 | 4.82(.62) | .20 | –.16 |
| BIS total score | 408 | 20.25(3.84) | –.26 | .08 |
| BAS total score | 408 | 37.24(5.51) | –.29 | –.02 |
| BAS reward responsivity | 408 | 16.57(2.12) | –.60 | .11 |
| BAS drive | 408 | 10.60(2.66) | –.15 | –.30 |
| BAS fun seeking | 408 | 10.07(2.21) | .04 | –.49 |
| BFI extraversion | 408 | 3.42(.63) | –.02 | –.11 |
| BFI agreeableness | 408 | 3.81(.55) | –.28 | –.08 |
| BFI neuroticism | 408 | 2.74(.62) | .23 | .13 |
| BFI openness to experience | 408 | 3.27(.67) | –0.75 | –.29 |
| BFI conscientiousness | 408 | 3.71(.58) | –.39 | .44 |
| SCL-90-R agoraphobia | 405 | 8.66(2.97) | 2.75 | 9.20 |
| SCL-90-R depression | 390 | 23.68(8.18) | 2.06 | 5.53 |
| SCL-90-R anxiety | 396 | 13.63(4.51) | 2.50 | 4.92 |
| SCL-90-R somatic complaints | 393 | 19.13(6.63) | 1.54 | 2.75 |
| SCL-90-R insufficiency of thinking and acting | 402 | 15.74(5.13) | .98 | .78 |
| SCL-90-R interpersonal sensitivity | 394 | 26.29(7.80) | 1.68 | 4.45 |
| SCL-90-R hostility | 407 | 7.36(2.13) | 3.51 | 17.46 |
| SCL-90-R sleep problems | 407 | 6.46(3.11) | .86 | –.07 |
| SCL-90-R psychoneuroticism | 356 | 131.76(35.31) | 1.83 | 4.96 |
| UCL active coping | 407 | 18.02(3.68) | .03 | –.18 |
| UCL palliative coping | 407 | 16.20(3.49) | .45 | .68 |
| UCL avoidance | 406 | 16.01(3.50) | .28 | .11 |
| UCL social support seeking | 403 | 12.42(3.38) | .30 | –.03 |
| UCL passive/depressive coping | 407 | 11.00(3.01) | 1.15 | 2.15 |
| UCL expression of emotions | 405 | 5.85(1.55) | .44 | .56 |
| UCL reassuring thoughts | 407 | 12.71(2.65) | .13 | .03 |
| CD-RISC total score | 392 | 63.52(13.59) | –.22 | .58 |
Table 2
Gender differences of all scales of EC-scale, BIS/BAS-scale, BFI, SCL-90-R, UCL and CD-RISC.
| FEMALES M(SD) | MALES M(SD) | t(df) | p | d | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EC total score | 478(.60) | 4.86(.64) | 1.37(406) | .17 | |
| BIS total score | 21.07(3.76) | 19.18(3.69) | –5.09(406) | <.001 | .51 |
| BAS total score | 37.42(5.82) | 36.99(5.09) | –.79(399) | .43 | |
| BAS reward responsivity | 16.74(2.16) | 16.35(2.05) | –1.87(406) | .06 | |
| BAS drive | 10.63(2.84) | 10.56(2.41) | –.27(402.62) | .79 | |
| BAS fun seeking | 10.05(2.25) | 10.09(2.16) | .17(406) | .87 | |
| BFI extraversion | 3.43(.64) | 3.40(.63) | –.54(406) | .59 | |
| BFI agreeableness | 3.82(.56) | 3.79(.53) | –.56(406) | .58 | |
| BFI neuroticism | 2.82(.63) | 2.64(.59) | –2.96(406) | .003 | .30 |
| BFI openness to experience | 3.22(.69) | 3.34(.65) | 1.90(406) | .06 | |
| BFI conscientiousness | 3.74(.58) | 3.68(.58) | –1.05(406) | .29 | |
| SCL-90-R agoraphobia | 8.97(3.36) | 8.27(2.32) | –2.49(397.05) | .01 | .24 |
| SCL-90-R depression | 24.79(8.64) | 22.30(7.36) | –3.02(388) | .003 | .31 |
| SCL-90-R anxiety | 14.12(4.81) | 13(4.03) | –2.53(392.22) | .01 | .25 |
| SCL-90-R somatic complaints | 19.78(7.01) | 18.28(6.01) | –2.24(391) | .03 | .23 |
| SCL-90-R insufficiency of thinking and acting | 15.65(5.08) | 15.87(5.22) | .43(400) | .67 | |
| SCL-90-R interpersonal sensitivity | 26.57(7.93) | 25.92(7.64) | –.82(392) | .41 | |
| SCL-90-R hostility | 7.19(1.83) | 7.58(2.44) | 1.81(318.63) | .07 | |
| SCL-90-R sleep problems | 6.53(3.13) | 6.37(3.10) | –.49(405) | .62 | |
| SCL-90-R psychoneuroticism | 135.04(37.49) | 127.65(32.02) | –1.97(354) | .05 | .21 |
| UCL active coping | 17.55(3.69) | 18.63(3.58) | 2.95(405) | .003 | –.30 |
| UCL palliative coping | 16.57(3.63) | 15.72(3.25) | –2.45(405) | .02 | .25 |
| UCL avoidance | 16.46(3.47) | 15.43(3.47) | –2.96(404) | .003 | .30 |
| UCL social support seeking | 12.76(3.70) | 11.98(2.86) | –2.39(400) | .02 | .23 |
| UCL passive/depressive coping | 11.29(3.04) | 10.61(2.93) | –2.28(405) | .02 | .23 |
| UCL expression of emotions | 5.87(1.49) | 5.84(1.63) | –.22(403) | .83 | |
| UCL reassuring thoughts | 13.06(2.76) | 12.26(2.44) | –3.06(405) | .002 | .31 |
| CD-RISC total score | 63.20(14.20) | 63.92(12.81) | .53(390) | .60 |
Table 3
Goodness-of-fit results LPA.
| NUMBER OF PROFILES | AIC | BIC | SABIC | ENTROPY | LMR (p) | MEANING LMR | BLRT (p) | MEANING BLRT |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | 5553.14 | 5593.26* | 5561.52* | .55 | .0012* | 1 < 2 | <.001* | 1 < 2 |
| 3 | 5553.64 | 5609.79 | 5565.37 | .65 | .3136 | 2 > 3 | .332 | 2 > 3 |
| 4 | 5549.38* | 5621.58 | 5564.46 | .61 | .0159* | 3 < 4 | .028* | 3 < 4 |
[i] Note. AIC = Akaike Information Criterion, BIC = Bayesian Information Criterion, SABIC = Sample size Adjusted BIC, LMR = Lo-Mendell-Rubin Test, BLRT = Bootstrap Likelihood Ratio Test.
*Preferred model.
Table 4
Differences in terms of EC/BIS/BAS total scores and BAS subscales between the overcontrolled/inhibited and resilient type.
| M(SD) | t (df) | SIG. (2-TAILED) | COHEN’S d | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EC total score | 4.40 (.37)1 | –27.11 (406) | <.001** | 2.73 |
| 5.41 (.37)2 | ||||
| BIS total score | 21.51 (3.43)1 | 8.64 (406) | <.001** | –.87 |
| 18.43 (3.67)2 | ||||
| BAS total score | 37.12 (5.40)1 | –.51(406) | .61 | .05 |
| 37.40 (5.68)2 | ||||
| BAS reward responsivity | 16.68 (2.05)1 | 1.25 (406) | .21 | –.13 |
| 16.41 (2.22)2 | ||||
| BAS drive | 10.32(2.60)1 | –2.50 (406) | .013 | .25 |
| 10.99(2.70)2 | ||||
| BAS fun seeking | 10.12 (2.22)1 | .52 (406) | .602 | –.05 |
| 10 (2.21)2 |
[i] Note. N.A. = not applicable.
1 Overcontrolled/Inhibited type.
2 Resilient type.
** Corrected p < .008.
Figure 1
Two personality subtypes characterised by their centered Effortful Control (EC) and Behavioural Inhibition Scale/Behavioural Activation (BIS/BAS) patterns.
Table 5
Differences in terms of the non-normally distributed SCL-90-R scales between the overcontrolled/inhibited and resilient type.
| M(SD) | U | SIG. (2-TAILED) | COHEN’S d | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SCL-90-R agoraphobia | 9.08(3.33)1 | 15786 | <.001** | .35 |
| 8.06(2.23)2 | ||||
| SCL-90-R depression | 25.73 (9.16)1 | 10891.50 | <.001** | .74 |
| 20.70 (5.26)2 | ||||
| SCL-90-R anxiety | 14.71 (5.06)1 | 11916.50 | <.001** | .67 |
| 12.11 (3.02)2 | ||||
| SCL-90-R hostility | 7.60 (2.30)1 | 15928.50 | <.001** | .36 |
| 7.02 (1.80)2 |
[i] Note.
1 Overcontrolled/Inhibited type.
2 Resilient type.
** Corrected p < .013.
Table 6
Differences in terms of the normally distributed SCL-90-R scales between the overcontrolled/inhibited and resilient type.
| M(SD) | t (df) | SIG. (2-TAILED) | COHEN’S d | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SCL-90-R somatic complaints | 20.30(7.03)1 | 4.38(385.85) | <.001** | –.43 |
| 17.49(5.65)2 | ||||
| SCL-90-R insufficiency of thinking and acting | 17.10(5.33)1 | 7.03(394.84) | <.001** | –.68 |
| 13.78(4.12)2 | ||||
| SCL-90-R interpersonal sensitivity | 28.06(8.53)1 | 5.11(391.78) | <.001** | –.58 |
| 23.69(5.69)2 | ||||
| SCL-90-R sleep problems | 6.91(3.11)1 | 3.56(405)* | <.001** | –.36 |
| 5.81(3.01)2 | ||||
| SCL-90-R psychoneuroticism | 141.16(38.32)1 | 6.64(352.05) | <.001** | –.67 |
| 118.70(25.53)2 |
[i] Note.
1 Overcontrolled/Inhibited type.
2 Resilient type.
* Equal variances assumed.
** Corrected p < .01.
Table 7
Differences in terms of Big Five traits between the overcontrolled/inhibited and resilient type.
| M (SD) | t (df) | SIG. (2-TAILED) | COHEN’S d | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BFI extraversion | 3.32 (.59)1 | –3.89(406) | <.001** | .39 |
| 3.56 (.67)2 | ||||
| BFI agreeableness | 3.75 (.56)1 | –2.55 (406) | .010** | .26 |
| 3.89 (.52)2 | ||||
| BFI conscientiousness | 3.53 (.55)1 | –7.96 (406) | <.001** | .80 |
| 3.96 (.52)2 | ||||
| BFI neuroticism | 2.94 (.58)1 | 8.17 (406) | <.001** | –.84 |
| 2.46 (.57)2 | ||||
| BFI openness | 3.14 (.62)1 | –4.91 (406) | <.001** | .49 |
| 3.46 (.70)2 |
[i] Note. N.A. = not applicable.
1 Overcontrolled/Inhibited type.
2 Resilient type.
** Corrected p < .01.
Table 8
Differences in terms of coping styles between the overcontrolled/inhibited and resilient type.
| M(SD) | t (df) | SIG. (2-TAILED) | COHEN’S d | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| UCL active coping | 17.03 (3.35)1 | –6.87(405)* | <.001** | .69 |
| 19.44 (3.68)2 | ||||
| UCL palliative coping | 16.37 (3.40)1 | 1.15(405)* | .25 | –.12 |
| 15.96 (3.61)2 | ||||
| UCL avoidance | 16.75 (3.60)1 | 5.25(404)* | <.001** | –0.53 |
| 14.95 (3.07)2 | ||||
| UCL social support seeking | 12.40 (3.33)1 | –.18(401)* | .86 | .02 |
| 12.46 (3.45)2 | ||||
| UCL passive/depressive coping | 11.81(3.18)1 | 7.36(404.60) | <.001** | –.70 |
| 9.82(2.82)2 | ||||
| UCL expression of emotions | 5.91 (1.52)1 | .84(403)* | .40 | –.08 |
| 5.78 (1.61)2 | ||||
| UCL reassuring thoughts | 12.61 (2.56)1 | –.96(405)* | .34 | .09 |
| 12.86 (2.78)2 |
[i] Note. N.A. = not applicable.
1 Overcontrolled/Inhibited type.
2 Resilient type.
* Equal variances assumed.
** Corrected p < .007.