Figure 1
Hypothesized Model.
Note: Hypothesized mediation effects are expected to be at least partial.
Table 1
Descriptive Statistics and Correlations among Variables for Study 1.
| VARIABLE | M | SD | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Gender | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||
| 2. Age | 40.24 | 11.39 | –.08 | — | ||||||||||||||
| 3. Organizational sector | — | — | .15* | .07 | — | |||||||||||||
| 4. Type of contract | — | — | .23*** | .07 | .09 | — | ||||||||||||
| 5. Hierarchical status | — | — | .03 | –.07 | .07 | .13* | — | |||||||||||
| 6. Organizational size | — | — | .04 | –.01 | .27*** | .09 | –.01 | — | ||||||||||
| 7. Organizational tenure (years) | 8.42 | 7.41 | .03 | .40*** | .15* | .00 | –21*** | .10 | — | |||||||||
| 8. Tenure–coworkers (years) | 5.04 | 4.41 | .02 | .34*** | .03 | .01 | –.12 | –.08 | .64*** | — | ||||||||
| 9. Tenure–supervisor (years) | 4.12 | 3.74 | .03 | .22*** | –.10 | .04 | –.12* | –.20** | .40*** | .64*** | — | |||||||
| 10. Abusive supervision | 1.78 | 1.15 | .13* | –.15* | –.03 | .04 | .01 | –.12 | –.08 | –.02 | –.01 | — | ||||||
| 11. Workplace ostracism | 1.99 | 1.26 | .04 | –.10 | .10 | .04 | .04 | –.10 | –.03 | –.03 | –.07 | .61*** | — | |||||
| 12. Organizational dehumanization | 4.33 | 1.58 | .06 | –.15** | .04 | .02 | .04 | .12 | .01 | –.13* | –.15* | .33*** | .37*** | — | ||||
| 13. Depression | 3.19 | 1.50 | .10 | –.10 | –.03 | .08 | –.01 | –.03 | –.07 | –.02 | .02 | .39*** | .38*** | .34*** | — | |||
| 14. Job satisfaction | 4.62 | 1.55 | .07 | .08 | .17** | .01 | .01 | .00 | –.05 | –.04 | –.01 | –.30*** | –.28*** | –.52*** | –.38*** | — | ||
| 15. Turnover intentions | 3.58 | 1.90 | .18** | –.20** | –.07 | .04 | –.04 | –.04 | –.05 | –.03 | –.02 | .42*** | .37*** | .63*** | .50*** | –.68*** | — | |
| 16. Loyalty behaviors | 4.25 | 1.41 | –.01 | .09 | .05 | –.06 | –.11 | –.10 | –.01 | .02 | .06 | –.12 | –.18*** | –.50*** | –.22*** | .72*** | –.52*** | — |
[i] Note: N = 256 (excepted for Tenure-coworkers N = 254, and for Tenure-supervisor N = 255). Gender was coded –1 = male and +1 = female. Organizational sector was coded –1 = private sector and +1 = public sector. Type of contract was coded 1 = full-time, 2 = 4/5 time, 3 = 3/4 time, and 4 = half-time. Hierarchical status was coded 1 = executive, 2 = supervisor management, 3 = middle manager, 4 = employee, and 5 = laborer. Organizational size was coded from 1 = less than 10 people to 9 = more than 10000 people. Abusive supervision is in bold because it was included as a control variable. The hypotheses were tested with and without the sociodemographic variables in italic as control variables, but these were not included in the final model for parsimony reasons.
*p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001.
Figure 2
Standardized Coefficients for the Retained Structural Equation Model of Study 1.
Note: N = 256. Abusive supervision was included as a control variable. All constructs represented in the figure are latent variables.
* p < .05. ** p < .01. *** p < .001.
Table 2
Descriptive Statistics and Correlations among Variables for Study 2.
| M | SD | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Gender | — | — | — | ||||||
| 2. Age | 41.62 | 10.78 | –.07 | — | |||||
| 3. Workplace ostracism conditiona | — | — | .05 | –.10 | — | ||||
| 4. Organizational dehumanization | 4.74 | 1.54 | .11 | –.08 | .75*** | — | |||
| 5. Job satisfaction | 3.77 | 1.99 | –.05 | .05 | –.80*** | –.77*** | — | ||
| 6. Turnover intentions | 4.68 | 2.06 | .03 | –.03 | –.85*** | .83*** | –.88*** | — | |
| 7. Loyalty behaviors | 3.59 | 1.82 | –.09 | .09 | –.83*** | –.80*** | .88*** | –.88*** | — |
[i] Note: N = 199.
a The experimental conditions were coded –1 = low workplace ostracism condition and +1 = high workplace ostracism condition
*** p < .001.
Figure 3
Standardized Coefficients for the Retained Structural Equation Model of Study 2.
Note. N = 199.
a Workplace ostracism condition was coded –1 for low workplace ostracism condition and +1 for high workplace ostracism condition. All constructs represented in ovals are latent variables.
*** p < .001.
Table 3
Descriptive Statistics and Correlations among Variables for Study 3.
| VARIABLE | M | SD | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Gender | – | – | – | |||||||||||||||||
| 2. Age | 39.94 | 9.95 | –.06 | – | ||||||||||||||||
| 3. Organizational sector | – | – | .17*** | .05 | – | |||||||||||||||
| 4. Type of contract | – | – | .29*** | –.00 | .11* | – | ||||||||||||||
| 5. Hierarchical status | – | – | .11* | –.14** | .15** | .20*** | – | |||||||||||||
| 6. Organizational size | – | – | –.02 | –.05 | .12** | –.05 | .01 | – | ||||||||||||
| 7. Organizational tenure (years) | 8.41 | 7.19 | –.07 | .43*** | .02 | .05 | –.14** | .11* | – | |||||||||||
| 8. Tenure–coworkers (years) | 5.00 | 4.09 | .01 | .32*** | –.02 | .12* | –.14** | –.08 | .54*** | – | ||||||||||
| 9. Tenure–supervisor (years) | 4.13 | 4.09 | –.09 | .30*** | –.07 | .04 | –.17*** | .20*** | .39*** | .58*** | – | |||||||||
| 10. Teleworking days per week | 1.45 | 1.72 | –.17*** | .01 | –.05 | –.26*** | –.12* | .15** | –.03 | –.10* | –.12* | – | ||||||||
| 11. Abusive supervision | 1.57 | 1.01 | –.06 | –.05 | –.03 | .04 | .05 | –.06 | –.08 | –.07 | –.02 | –.16** | – | |||||||
| 12. Workplace ostracism | 1.92 | 1.08 | –.00 | –.08 | –.05 | .04 | .08 | .04 | –.08 | –.07 | –.03 | –.11* | .51*** | – | ||||||
| 13. Thwarted need to belong | 2.37 | 1.24 | –.05 | –.01 | –.04 | .02 | .06 | .03 | –.08 | –.11* | –.06 | –.08 | .46*** | .67*** | – | |||||
| 14. Organizational dehumanization | 3.94 | 1.53 | .03 | –.06 | –.05 | .05 | .12* | .20*** | –.04 | –.11* | –.11* | –.18*** | .35*** | .34*** | .44*** | – | ||||
| 15. Depression | 3.12 | 1.48 | .16*** | –.11** | .08 | .10* | .14** | .07 | –.08 | –.09 | –.09 | –.13** | .36*** | .42*** | .49*** | .43*** | – | |||
| 16. Job satisfaction | 4.88 | 1.59 | .05 | .03 | .02 | –.03 | –.13** | .02 | .00 | .08 | .04 | .18*** | –.45*** | –.39*** | –.46*** | –.61*** | –.42*** | – | ||
| 17. Turnover intentions | 3.44 | 2.02 | –.01 | –.15** | –.03 | .05 | .13** | .01 | –.13** | –.15** | –.16** | –.18*** | .38*** | .37*** | .47*** | .64*** | .46*** | –.75*** | – | |
| 18. Loyalty behaviors | 4.60 | 1.43 | .12** | .10 | .02 | –.02 | –.26*** | –.04 | .00 | .06 | .08 | .13** | –.34*** | –.25*** | –.33*** | –.57*** | –.26*** | .70*** | –.59*** | – |
[i] Note: N = 423 (excepted for Type of contract N = 422). Gender was coded –1 = male and +1 = female. Organizational sector was coded –1 = private sector and +1 = public sector. Type of contract was coded 1 = full-time, 2 = 4/5 time, 3 = 3/4 time, and 4 = half-time. Hierarchical status was coded 1 = executive, 2 = supervisor management, 3 = middle manager, 4 = employee, and 5 = laborer. Organizational size was coded from 1 = less than 10 people to 9 = more than 10000 people. Abusive supervision is in bold because it was included as a control variable. The hypotheses were tested with and without the sociodemographic variables in italic as control variables but these were not included in the final model for parsimony reasons.
* p < .05. ** p < .01. *** p < .001.
Figure 4
Standardized Coefficients for the Retained Structural Equation Model of Study 3.
Note. N = 423. Abusive supervision was included as a control variable. All constructs represented in the figure are latent variables.
* p < .05. ** p < .01. *** p < .001.