Table 1
Selection criteria for the three groups of participants.
| NON-BINGE-WATCHERS (NBWs) | TROUBLE-FREE BINGE-WATCHERS (TBWs) | PROBLEMATIC BINGE-WATCHERS (PBWs) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Time spent watching per viewing session | <120 minutes | ≥120 minutes | ≥120 minutes |
| Number of episodes watched in a row | <3 | ≥3 | ≥3 |
| Reported functional impact | No | No | Yes |
| Self-identification as problematic TV series viewer | No | No | Yes or No |
[i] Note. We derived these criteria from Flayelle et al. (2020b). Accordingly, participants reported their average time spent watching TV series (in minutes, during the weekends and weekdays), the number of episodes typically watched in one sitting, and whether 1) binge-watching negatively affected their everyday life and 2) they considered their TV series consumption as problematic.
Table 2
Socio-demographic and TV series viewing characteristics of the three groups.
| NBWs (N = 59) | TBWs (N = 85) | PBWs (N = 162) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Socio-demographics | |||
| Age, M (SD) | 26.63 (8.68) | 26.27 (8.66) | 24.49 (7.05) |
| Gender – female, N (%) | 44 (74.60) | 72 (84.70) | 134 (82.70) |
| Binge-watching habits | |||
| Reported functional impact, N (%) | / | / | 162 (100) |
| Self-identification as a problematic viewer, N (%) | / | / | 40 (24.70) |
| Time spent watching (minutes) per weekday, M (SD) | 50.93 (26.77) | 140.85 (86.35) | 129.35 (88.40) |
| Time spent watching (minutes) per day off, M (SD) | 98.12 (50.88) | 259.93 (117.30) | 260.48 (129.01) |
| 1 episode per session, N (%) | 10 (16.90) | / | / |
| 2 episodes per session, N (%) | 49 (83.10) | / | / |
| 3 episodes per session, N (%) | / | 33 (38.80) | 70 (43.20) |
| 4 episodes per session, N (%) | / | 28 (32.90) | 33 (20.40) |
| 5 episodes per session, N (%) | / | 8 (9.40) | 20 (12.30) |
| 6 episodes per session, N (%) | / | 14 (16.50) | 32 (19.80) |
| >6 episodes per session, N (%) | / | 2 (2.40) | 7 (4.30) |
[i] Note. NBWs: non-binge-watchers; TBWs: trouble-free binge-watchers; PBWs: problematic binge-watchers.
Table 3
Post-hoc tests conducted following significant ANOVAs.
| COMPARISON | MEAN DIFFERENCE (I–J) | STANDARD ERROR | p-VALUE | 95% CONFIDENCE INTERVAL | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GROUP (I) | GROUP (J) | ||||
| Tukey’s test. | |||||
| BWESQ – binge-watching | |||||
| NBWs | TBWs | –0.26 | .10 | .03 | [–0.49, –0.02] |
| PBWs | –0.81 | .09 | <.001 | [–1.02, –0.60] | |
| TBWs | PBWs | –0.55 | .08 | <.001 | [–0.73, –0.36] |
| BWESQ – desire/savouring | |||||
| NBWs | TBWs | –0.34 | .09 | .001 | [–0.57, –0.12] |
| PBWs | –0.62 | .08 | <.001 | [–0.81, –0.41] | |
| TBWs | PBWs | –0.27 | .07 | .001 | [–0.44, –0.09] |
| BWESQ – engagement | |||||
| NBWs | TBWs | –0.32 | .09 | .002 | [–0.54, –0.10] |
| PBWs | –0.53 | .08 | <.001 | [–0.73, –0.34] | |
| TBWs | PBWs | –0.21 | .07 | .01 | [–0.38, –0.04] |
| BWESQ – pleasure preservation | |||||
| NBWs | TBWs | –0.13 | .13 | .57 | [–0.43, .17] |
| PBWs | –0.40 | .11 | .002 | [–0.67, –0.13] | |
| TBWs | PBWs | –0.27 | .10 | .02 | [–0.51, –0.03] |
| PANAS – negative affect | |||||
| NBWs | TBWs | –0.52 | 1.20 | .90 | [–3.34, 2.30] |
| PBWs | –3.37 | 1.07 | .005 | [–5.90, –0.84] | |
| TBWs | PBWs | –2.85 | .94 | .008 | [–5.08, –0.63] |
| RTMQ – AERT | |||||
| NBWs | TBWs | .07 | .68 | .99 | [–1.54, 1.68] |
| PBWs | –1.45 | .61 | .05 | [–2.90, –0.1] | |
| TBWs | PBWs | –1.53 | .54 | .01 | [–2.80, –0.25] |
| WTMSQ – emotional enhancement | |||||
| NBWs | TBWs | –0.11 | .10 | .55 | [–0.36, .14] |
| PBWs | –0.25 | .09 | .02 | [–0.47, –0.02] | |
| TBWs | PBWs | –0.14 | .08 | .22 | [–0.33, .06] |
| Games-Howell test. | |||||
| BWESQ – dependency | |||||
| NBWs | TBWs | –0.03 | .07 | .89 | [–0.19, .13] |
| PBWs | –0.38 | .07 | <.001 | [–0.55, –0.21] | |
| TBWs | PBWs | –0.35 | .07 | <.001 | [–0.50, –0.19] |
| BWESQ – loss of control | |||||
| NBWs | TBWs | –0.15 | .07 | .10 | [–0.32, .02] |
| PBWs | –0.83 | .07 | <.001 | [–0.99, –0.66] | |
| TBWs | PBWs | –0.68 | .07 | <.001 | [–0.84, –0.52] |
| BWESQ – positive emotions | |||||
| NBWs | TBWs | –0.23 | .10 | .06 | [–0.46, .01] |
| PBWs | –0.39 | .09 | <.001 | [–0.61, –0.18] | |
| TBWs | PBWs | –0.17 | .07 | .04 | [–0.33, –0.01] |
| WTMSQ – coping/escapism | |||||
| NBWs | TBWs | –0.19 | .09 | .10 | [–0.41, .03] |
| PBWs | –0.54 | .08 | <.001 | [–0.74, –0.34] | |
| TBWs | PBWs | –0.35 | .08 | <.001 | [–0.55, –0.15] |
[i] Note. AERT: analytic evaluative repetitive thinking; ANOVA: analysis of variance; BWESQ: Binge-Watching Engagement and Symptoms Questionnaire; NBWs: non-binge-watchers; PANAS: Positive and Negative Affect Schedule; PBWs: problematic binge-watchers; RTMQ: Repetitive Thinking Mode Questionnaire; TBWs: trouble-free binge-watchers; WTSMQ: Watching TV Series Motives Questionnaire
Table 4
Mediation coefficients and statistical outputs of the total, indirect and direct effects.
| DEPENDENT VARIABLE | TOTAL EFFECT (C) | INDIRECT EFFECT (AXB) | DIRECT EFFECT (C’) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B | SE | β | p | B | SE | p | B | SE | β | p | |
| BWESQ – binge- watching | .02 | .01 | .28 | <.001 | .0004 | .005 | .93 | .02 | .01 | .27 | .006 |
| BWESQ – dependency | .03 | .01 | .40 | <.001 | .01 | .005 | .24 | .03 | .01 | .33 | <.001 |
| BWESQ – desire/savouring | .02 | .01 | .25 | .002 | –.005 | .004 | .20 | .02 | .01 | .33 | .001 |
| BWESQ – engagement | .01 | .01 | .20 | .01 | .01 | .005 | .07 | .01 | .01 | .083 | .40 |
| BWESQ – loss of control | .02 | .01 | .29 | <.001 | .003 | .004 | .47 | .02 | .01 | .25 | .01 |
| BWESQ – pleasure preservation | .02 | .01 | .21 | .007 | .01 | .01 | .10 | .01 | .01 | .11 | .27 |
| BWESQ – positive emotions | .01 | .005 | .20 | .01 | .01 | .004 | .04 | .005 | .01 | .08 | .43 |
| WTMSQ –coping/escapism | .05 | .01 | .53 | <.001 | .01 | .01 | .002 | .03 | .01 | .36 | <.001 |
[i] Note. BWESQ: Binge-Watching Engagement and Symptoms Questionnaire; Indirect effect: negative affect à AERT à facet of the BWESQ/WTSMQ; Direct effect: negative affect à facet of the BWESQ/WTSMQ; SE: standard error; WTSMQ: Watching TV Series Motives Questionnaire; Total effect: negative affect à facet of the BWESQ/WTSMQ