Table 1
Sex Differences in ISI Scores and Sleep Parameters (First Wave).
| TOTAL (M, SD) | MALE (M, SD) | FEMALE (M, SD) | T(DF) | P | D | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ISI pre | 6.00 (4.91) | 5.51 (4.76) | 6.24 (5.00) | –5.03 (5121) | <.001 | –0.15 |
| ISI peri | 8.82 (5.91) | 8.06 (5.89) | 9.18 (5.89) | –6.68 (5538) | <.001 | –0.19 |
| BT pre | 23:02 (1:10) | 23:17 (1:16) | 22:56 (1:06) | 9.96 (5115) | <.001 | 0.30 |
| BT peri | 23:24 (1:29) | 23:53 (1:36) | 23:20 (1:25) | 5.78 (5532) | <.001 | 0.17 |
| RT pre | 7:08 (1:18) | 7:11 (1:19) | 7:07 (1:18) | 1.70 (5115) | .09 | 0.05 |
| RT peri | 7:53 (1:48) | 7:52 (1:52) | 7:54 (1:52) | –0.80 (5532) | .42 | –0.02 |
| TST pre | 7:16 (1:05) | 7:08 (1:04) | 7:19 (1:04) | –6.01 (5115) | <.001 | –0.18 |
| TST peri | 7:07 (1:22) | 7:01 (1:20) | 7:10 (1:23) | –3.75 (5532) | <.001 | –0.11 |
| TIB pre | 8:05 (1:08) | 7:54 (1:09) | 8:11 (1:07) | –8.22 (5115) | <.001 | –0.25 |
| TIB peri | 8:28 (1:25) | 8:17 (1:29) | 8:34 (1:23) | –7.05 (5532) | <.001 | –0.20 |
| SOL pre | 0:19 (0:20) | 0:18 (0:19) | 0:20 (0:20) | –3.48 (5115) | <.001 | –0.10 |
| SOL peri | 0:30 (0:33) | 0:27 (0:32) | 0:32 (0:34) | –4.83 (5532) | <.001 | –0.14 |
| SE pre | 89.69 (9.94) | 90.09 (9.85) | 89.51 (9.99) | 1.95 (5114) | .05 | 0.06 |
| SE peri | 84.30 (13.28) | 85.10 (13.14) | 83.94 (13.33) | 3.07 (5523) | .002 | 0.09 |
[i] Note: pre = pre-lockdown; peri = peri-lockdown; ISI = Insomnia Severity Index; BT = bedtime; RT = rise time; TST = total sleep time; TIB = time in bed; SOL = sleep onset latency; SE = sleep efficiency.
Table 2
Sex Differences in ISI Scores and Sleep Parameters (Second Wave).
| TOTAL (M, SD) | MALE (M, SD) | FEMALE (M, SD) | T(DF) | P | D | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ISI pre | 6.14 (5.05) | 5.79 (5.12) | 6.31 (5.02) | –2.19 (2098) | .03 | –0.10 |
| ISI peri | 10.30 (6.54) | 10.05 (6.80) | 10.41 (6.41) | –1.26 (2398) | .21 | –0.10 |
| BT pre | 22:58 (1:07) | 23:09 (1:13) | 22:53 (1:04) | 5.05 (2098) | <.001 | 0.24 |
| BT peri | 23:06 (1:20) | 23:14 (1:19) | 23:02 (1:20) | 3.56 (2397) | <.001 | 0.16 |
| RT pre | 7:04 (1:19) | 6:59 (1:22) | 7:06 (1:18) | –1.78 (2095) | .08 | –0.08 |
| RT peri | 7:17 (1:32) | 7:10 (1:30) | 7:20 (1:33) | –2.51 (2395) | .01 | –0.11 |
| TST pre | 7:14 (1:03) | 7:04 (1:03) | 7:19 (1:03) | –4.95 (2098) | <.001 | –0.23 |
| TST peri | 6:52 (1:19) | 6:43 (1:19) | 6:57 (1:19) | –4.16 (2397) | <.001 | –0.18 |
| TIB pre | 8:06 (1:05) | 7:50 (1:08) | 8:13 (1:02) | –7.40 (2095) | <.001 | –0.35 |
| TIB peri | 8:10 (1:13) | 7:55 (1:15) | 8:18 (1:11) | –7.03 (2393) | <.001 | –0.31 |
| SOL pre | 0:21 (0:19) | 0:19 (0:18) | 0:21 (0:20) | –2.18 (2098) | .03 | –0.10 |
| SOL peri | 0:31 (0:31) | 0:29 (0:29) | 0:32 (0:31) | –2.54 (2398) | .01 | –0.11 |
| SE pre | 89.35 (9.61) | 90.06 (9.82) | 89.05 (9.47) | 2.24 (2094) | .03 | 0.11 |
| SE peri | 84.28 (12.76) | 84.93 (13.05) | 84.01 (12.58) | 1.65 (2393) | .10 | 0.07 |
[i] Note: pre = pre-lockdown; peri = peri-lockdown; ISI = Insomnia Severity Index; BT = bedtime; RT = rise time; TST = total sleep time; TIB = time in bed; SOL = sleep onset latency; SE = sleep efficiency.
Table 3
Age Differences in ISI Scores and Sleep Parameters (First Wave).
| TOTAL (M, SD) | AGE CATEGORIES | F(DF) | P | η2p | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <24Y (M, SD) | 25–44Y (M, SD) | 45–64Y (M, SD) | 65Y+ (M, SD) | |||||
| ISI pre | 6.00 (4.91) | 6.91 (5.15) | 5.76 (4.82) | 6.08 (4.88) | 5.31 (4.75) | 12.95 (3, 5116) | <.001 | .01 |
| ISI peri | 8.82 (5.91) | 9.61 (6.13) | 9.04 (5.89) | 8.63 (5.85) | 6.72 (5.32) | 24.42 (3,5116) | <.001 | .01 |
| BT pre | 23:02 (1:10) | 23:28 (1:21) | 22:55 (1:07) | 22:57 (1:07) | 23:20 (1:00) | 55.93 (3,5160) | <.001 | .03 |
| BT peri | 23:24 (1:29) | 00:17 (1:51) | 23:16 (1:28) | 23:11 (1:12) | 23:24 (1:08) | 123.85 (3,5580) | <.001 | .06 |
| RT pre | 7:08 (1:18) | 7:58 (1:36) | 7:00 (1:14) | 6:50 (1:05) | 7:45 (0:58) | 189.50 (3,5160) | <.001 | .10 |
| RT peri | 7:53 (1:48) | 9:29 (2:03) | 7:43 (1:42) | 7:23 (1:30) | 7:52 (1:07) | 317.44 (3,5580) | <.001 | .15 |
| TST pre | 7:16 (1:05) | 7:38 (1:18) | 7:17 (0:59) | 7:02 (1:01) | 7:19 (1:07) | 58.11 (3,5160) | <.001 | .03 |
| TST peri | 7:07 (1:22) | 7:52 (1:27) | 7:06 (1:19) | 6:47 (1:18) | 7:09 (1:15) | 126.11 (3,5580) | <.001 | .06 |
| TIB pre | 8:05 (1:08) | 8:29 (1:29) | 8:04 (1:00) | 7:52 (1:04) | 8:25 (1:10) | 65.86 (3,5160) | <.001 | .04 |
| TIB peri | 8:28 (1:25) | 9:12 (1:28) | 8:26 (1:25) | 8:12 (1:20) | 8:28 (1:13) | 99.40 (3,5580) | <.001 | .05 |
| SOL pre | 0:19 (0:20) | 0:25 (0:25) | 0:19 (0:19) | 0:17 (0:17) | 0:19 (0:19) | 32.60 (3,5160) | <.001 | .02 |
| SOL peri | 0:30 (0:33) | 0:41 (0:43) | 0:31 (0:33) | 0:26 (0:29) | 0:24 (0:26) | 42.12 (3,5580) | <.001 | .02 |
| SE pre | 89.69 (9.94) | 89.97 (10.06) | 90.28 (9.47) | 89.41 (10.11) | 86.76 (11.07) | 14.09 (3,5158) | <.001 | .01 |
| SE peri | 84.30 (13.28) | 85.74 (13.30) | 84.42 (13.11) | 83.48 (13.55) | 84.29 (12.84) | 5.67 (3,5570) | .001 | .003 |
[i] Note: y = years; pre = pre-lockdown; peri = peri-lockdown; ISI = Insomnia Severity Index; TST = total sleep time; TIB = time in bed; SOL = sleep onset latency; SE = sleep efficiency.
Table 4
Age Differences in ISI Scores and Sleep Parameters (Second Wave).
| TOTAL (M, SD) | AGE CATEGORIES | F(DF) | P | η2p | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <24Y (M, SD) | 25–44Y (M, SD) | 45–64Y (M, SD) | 65Y+ (M, SD) | |||||
| ISI pre | 6.1 (5.1) | 6.00 (4.70) | 5.89 (4.80) | 6.56 (5.47) | 5.89 (5.11) | 2.78 (3,2095) | .04 | .004 |
| ISI peri | 10.3 (6.5) | 9.96 (6.10) | 10.33 (6.40) | 10.66 (6.84) | 8.75 (6.62) | 3.74 (3,2095) | .01 | .004 |
| BT pre | 22:58 (1:07) | 23:12 (1:09) | 22:54 (1:09) | 22:53 (1:05) | 23:16 (0:52) | 9.11 (3,2099) | <.001 | .01 |
| BT peri | 23:06 (1:20) | 23:31 (1:28) | 23:02 (1:24) | 22:59 (1:10) | 23:30 (1:07) | 16.80 (3,2399) | <.001 | .02 |
| RT pre | 7:04 (1:19) | 7:57 (1:22) | 6:59 (1:16) | 6:42 (1:12) | 7:32 (1:01) | 78.42 (3,2096) | <.001 | .10 |
| RT peri | 7:17 (1:32) | 8:29 (1:40) | 7:14 (1:30) | 6:48 (1:16) | 7:34 (1:13) | 116.84 (3,2397) | <.001 | .13 |
| TST pre | 7:14 (1:03) | 7:53 (0:57) | 7:16 (0:59) | 6:57 (1:05) | 7:02 (1:05) | 61.59 (3,2099) | <.001 | .08 |
| TST peri | 6:52 (1:19) | 7:42 (1:13) | 6:54 (1:16) | 6:31 (1:17) | 6:46 (1:14) | 73.83 (3,2399) | <.001 | .09 |
| TIB pre | 8:06 (1:05) | 8:45 (1:06) | 8:05 (1:02) | 7:49 (1:01) | 8:16 (1:06) | 60.58 (3,2096) | <.001 | .08 |
| TIB peri | 8:10 (1:13) | 8:57 (1:14) | 8:11 (1:11) | 7:49 (1:06) | 8:13 (1:10) | 79.44 (3,2395) | <.001 | .09 |
| SOL pre | 0:21 (0:19) | 0:24 (0:20) | 0:21 (0:19) | 0:19 (0:19) | 0:20 (0:19) | 3.84 (3,2099) | .01 | .01 |
| SOL peri | 0:31 (0:31) | 0:36 (0:33) | 0:31 (0:30) | 0:30 (0:30) | 0:28 (0:29) | 3.90 (3,2400) | .01 | .01 |
| SE pre | 89.35 (9.61) | 90.04 (8.51) | 89.98 (8.74) | 88.80 (10.52) | 85.51 (12.28) | 8.43 (3,2095) | <.001 | .01 |
| SE peri | 84.28 (12.76) | 86.32 (11.14) | 84.49 (12.67) | 83.35 (13.22) | 82.89 (12.76) | 5.18 (3,2395) | .001 | .01 |
[i] Note: y = years; pre = pre-lockdown; peri = peri-lockdown; ISI = Insomnia Severity Index; TST = total sleep time; TIB = time in bed; SOL = sleep onset latency; SE = sleep efficiency.
Figure 1
Age Differences in Bed and Rise Times.
Note: y = years; pre = pre-lockdown; peri = peri-lockdown; SOL = sleep onset latency; SPT = sleep period time (A) Results of the first questionnaire comparing the pre-covid situation with the first lockdown. (B) Results of the second questionnaire comparing the pre-covid situation with the second lockdown.
Figure 2
Prevalence of Clinical Insomnia.
Note: (A) Pre-lockdown prevalences from the first questionnaire. (B) Peri-lockdown prevalences from the first questionnaire. (C) Pre-lockdown prevalences from the second questionnaire. (D) Peri-lockdown prevalences from the second questionnaire.
Figure 3
Insomnia Severity Index Scores.
Note: (A) Results of the first questionnaire comparing the pre-covid situation with the first lockdown. (B) Results of the second questionnaire comparing the pre-covid situation with the second lockdown.
Table 5
Paired T-test Results for Sleep Parameters (First Wave).
| PRE-LOCKDOWN (M, SD) | PERI-LOCKDOWN (M, SD) | T(DF) | P | D | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bed time | 23:02 (1:10) | 23:24 (1:29) | –25.72 (5165) | <.001 | –0.36 |
| Rise time | 7:08 (1:18) | 7:53 (1:48) | –39.30 (5165) | <.001 | –0.55 |
| Time in bed | 8:05 (1:08) | 8:28 (1:25) | –21.61 (5165) | <.001 | –0.30 |
| Total sleep time | 7:16 (1:05) | 7:07 (1:22) | 8.82 (5165) | <.001 | 0.12 |
| Sleep onset latency | 0:19 (0:20) | 0:30 (0:33) | –30.72 (5165) | <.001 | –0.43 |
| Sleep efficiency | 89.69 (9.94) | 84.30 (13.28) | 34.45 (5160) | <.001 | 0.48 |
Table 6
Paired T-test Results for Sleep Parameters (Second Wave).
| PRE-LOCKDOWN (M, SD) | PERI-LOCKDOWN (M, SD) | T(DF) | P | D | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bed time | 22:58 (1:07) | 23:06 (1:20) | –7.97 (2101) | <.001 | –0.17 |
| Rise time | 7:04 (1:19) | 7:17 (1:32) | –10.97 (2099) | <.001 | –0.24 |
| Time in bed | 8:06 (1:05) | 8:10 (1:13) | –3.86 (2097) | <.001 | –0.08 |
| Total sleep time | 7:14 (1:03) | 6:52 (1:19) | 15.89 (2101) | <.001 | 0.35 |
| Sleep onset latency | 0:21 (0:19) | 0:31 (0:31) | –20.23 (2102) | <.001 | –0.44 |
| Sleep efficiency | 89.35 (9.61) | 84.28 (12.76) | 21.71 (2096) | <.001 | 0.47 |
Figure 4
Effect of the Pandemic on Bedtime, Sleep Onset Latency and Rise Time.
Note: SOL = sleep onset latency; SPT = sleep period time A) Results of the first questionnaire comparing the pre-covid situation with the first lockdown. (B) Results of the second questionnaire comparing the pre-covid situation with the second lockdown.
Figure 5
Effect of the Pandemic on Total Sleeping Time, Time in Bed and Sleep Efficiency.
Note: (A) Results of the first questionnaire comparing the pre-covid situation with the first lockdown. (B) Results of the second questionnaire comparing the pre-covid situation with the second lockdown.