Table 1
Multivariate and Univariate Analyses of Covariance for Well-being as a Function of Access to the Coast, With Covariates.
| MULTIVARIATE | UNIVARIATE | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BOREDOM | WORRY | STRESS | HAPPINESS | GENERAL WELL-BEING | ||||||||
| VARIABLE | F | η2 | F | η2 | F | η2 | F | η2 | F | η2 | F | η2 |
| Access to coast | 3.23** | .024 | 4.91* | .007 | 9.15** | .014 | 1.66 | .003 | 6.89** | .010 | .90 | .001 |
| Household composition | 2.85*** | .021 | .66 | .004 | 3.23* | .019 | 4.17** | .025 | 3.73** | .022 | 1.24 | .007 |
| Gender | 2.24* | .017 | 1.87 | .006 | .59 | .002 | 4.14* | .012 | 1.53 | .005 | 1.96 | .006 |
| Mental Illness | 5.00*** | .037 | 1.16 | .004 | 1.39 | .004 | 9.51*** | .028 | 22.2*** | .063 | 9.53*** | .028 |
| Sleep quality | 33.78*** | .205 | 26.34*** | .038 | 110.3*** | .14 | 126.7*** | .16 | 78.19*** | .11 | 74.24*** | .101 |
| Physical activity | 2.44* | .018 | 2.14 | .003 | 8.71** | .013 | 6.63** | .010 | 4.47* | .007 | .80 | .001 |
| Access to coast x Household composition | 1.80* | .013 | 3.79** | .022 | 1.53 | .009 | .27 | .002 | 2.22 | .013 | .34 | .002 |
[i] Note. *p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001.
Table 2
Estimated Marginal Means of Well-Being for Coastal and Inland Residents.
| VARIABLE | GROUP | M | [MIN, MAX] | SE | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Boredom | Inland | 2.92 | [1, 7] | .44 | [2.07, 3.78] |
| Coastal | 2.28 | .52 | [1.27, 3.30] | ||
| Worry | Inland | 4.47 | [1, 7] | .31 | [3.84, 5.05] |
| Coastal | 3.83 | .36 | [3.11, 4.55] | ||
| Stress | Inland | 3.98 | [1, 7] | .32 | [3.36, 4.59] |
| Coastal | 3.71 | .37 | [2.97, 4.44] | ||
| Happiness | Inland | 5.99 | [1, 10] | .32 | [5.36, 6.61] |
| Coastal | 6.54 | .38 | [5.80, 7.28] | ||
| General well-being | Inland | 21.01 | [7, 35] | .76 | [19.52, 22.49] |
| Coastal | 21.48 | .90 | [19.71, 23.24] |
Table 3
Multivariate Analysis of Covariance for Well-being as a Function of Visit Frequency to the Coast, With Covariates.
| VARIABLE | F | η2 |
|---|---|---|
| Visit frequency | 1.54 | .047 |
| Household composition | 1.59* | .048 |
| Sleep quality | 12.37*** | .287 |
[i] Note. *p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001.
Table 4
Intercorrelations Between Awe, Nostalgia, and Well-being Indicators for Coastal Residents with the Coast as Preferred Environment.
| VARIABLE | NOSTALGIA | BOREDOM | WORRY | STRESS | HAPPINESS | GENERAL WELL-BEING |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Awe | –.09 | –.32** | –.15 | –.13 | .17 | .17 |
| Nostalgia | – | .03 | –.03 | –.04 | .01 | .02 |
| Boredom | – | – | .34** | .36*** | –.46*** | –.43*** |
| Worry | – | – | – | .71*** | –.37*** | –.49*** |
| Stress | – | – | – | – | –.53*** | –.61*** |
| Happiness | – | – | – | – | – | .63*** |
[i] Note. **p < .01. ***p < .001.