Figure 1
Flowchart tracking the participants.
Table 1
Participant characteristics and functional fitness.
| Variables | Riding Group | Control Group | p-values |
|---|---|---|---|
| No. of participants | 34 | 14 | |
| Demographic | |||
| Gender (men/women)† | 10/24 | 3/11 | 0.728 |
| Age (years)‡ | 73.1 ± 3.7 | 76.6 ± 6.0 | 0.053 |
| Anthropometrics | |||
| Height (cm)‡ | 156.7 ± 8.8 | 151.5 ± 8.4 | 0.041* |
| Weight (kg)‡ | 56.7 ± 9.0 | 55.5 ± 8.5 | 0.058 |
| BMI (kg/m2)‡ | 22.4 ± 3.5 | 21.6 ± 2.5 | 0.454 |
| Functional Fitness test | |||
| Arm Curl Test (reps/30 sec.)‡ | 26.8 ± 4.5 | 21.7 ± 6.4 | 0.005* |
| Chair Stand Test (reps/30 sec.)‡ | 27.0 ± 5.8 | 22.6 ± 6.5 | 0.043* |
| Back Scratch Test (cm)‡ | –6.8 ± 16.4 | –10.5 ± 13.6 | 0.271 |
| Sit and Reach Test (cm)‡ | 12.4 ± 9.0 | 10.1 ± 9.8 | 0.382 |
| 5-Meter Walk Test (sec.)‡§ | 3.10 ± 0.41 | 3.58 ± 0.68 | 0.035* |
| Functional Reach Test (cm)‡ | 30.1 ± 5.3 | 26.9 ± 5.5 | 0.051 |
| One-Leg Stand Test (sec.)‡ | 43.2 ± 18.9 | 31.4 ± 23.8 | 0.166 |
| Four Square Step Test (sec.)‡§ | 5.95 ± 1.06 | 7.26 ± 2.34 | 0.046* |
| Timed Up and Go Test (sec.)‡§ | 4.81 ± 0.73 | 5.96 ± 1.28 | 0.003* |
[i] Note:
Values are mean ± SD.
BMI: Body Mass Index.
*: p < 0.05.
†: Fisher’s exact test was used to evaluate differences between the groups.
‡: Mann-Whitney U test was used to evaluate the difference between the groups.
§: Improvement of test results in a negative value.
Table 2
Spearman correlation confident (n = 48).
| Arm Curl Test | Chair Stand Test | Back Scratch Test | Sit and Reach Test | 5-Meter Walk Test | Functional Reach Test | One-Leg Stand Test | Four Square Step Test | Timed Up and Go Test | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arm Curl Test | 1 | 0.61* | 0.55* | 0.25 | –0.54* | 0.52* | 0.52* | –0.61* | –0.62* |
| Chair Stand Test | 1 | 0.48* | 0.44* | –0.52* | 0.30* | 0.47* | –0.71* | –0.73* | |
| Back Scratch Test | 1 | 0.38* | –0.52* | 0.34* | 0.30* | –0.40* | –0.46* | ||
| Sit and Reach Test | 1 | –0.26 | 0.08 | 0.09 | –0.47* | –0.28 | |||
| 5-Meter Walk Test | 1 | –0.36* | –0.16 | 0.45* | 0.63* | ||||
| Functional Reach Test | 1 | 0.42* | –0.48* | –0.55* | |||||
| One-Leg Stand Test | 1 | –0.52* | –0.53* | ||||||
| Four Square Step Test | 1 | 0.75* | |||||||
| Timed Up and Go Test | 1 |
[i] Note:
* p < 0.05.
Table 3
Binominal logistic regression analysis.
| B | p | Odds Ratio | 95% Confidence Interval | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Timed Up and Go Test | –1.25 | 0.005 | 0.29 | 0.12–0.68 |
| Constant | 7.50 | 0.002 |
[i] Note:
The Hosmer–Lemeshow test for goodness of fit shows that the chi-square value is 4.58 with p = 0.71; overall percentage = 77.1.
Model summary: –2 log likelihood 45.53; Cox & Snell R square 0.23; Nagelkerke R square 0.33.