Table 1
Descriptive statistics of categorical variables.
| PARAMETERS | n | MINIMUM–MAXIMUM | MEAN ± STANDARD DEVIATION | p | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BMI (kg/m2) | Smoke | 103 | 16,02–33,06 | 21,91 ± 3,43 | 0,456 | ||
| Non Smoke | 104 | 16,30–29,86 | 22,21 ± 3,19 | ||||
| Age (Years) | Smoke | 103 | 17–46 | 21,32 ± 3,94 | 0,310 | ||
| Non Smoke | 104 | 20–38 | 20,61 ± 344 | ||||
| Gender | n | % | |||||
| Smoke | Female | 103 | 72 | 69,90 | 0,210 | ||
| Male | 31 | 30,1 | |||||
| Non smoke | Female | 104 | 83 | 79,8 | 0,000 | ||
| Male | 21 | 20,2 | |||||
| MINIMUM–MAXIMUM | MEAN± STANDARD DEVIATION | ||||||
| WHR (cm) | Smoke | 103 | 0,60-0,91 | 0,76 ± 0,07 | 0,513 | ||
| Non Smoke | 104 | 0,62–1,10 | 0,75 ± 0,07 | ||||
| HIT-6 | Smoke | 103 | 36,00–74,00 | 54,84 ± 9,27 | 0,689 | ||
| Non Smoke | 104 | 36–71 | 54,28 ± 8,66 | ||||
| IPAQ-S | Smoke | 103 | 1243-27510 | 7407,41 ± 4277,17 | 0,474 | ||
| Non Smoke | 104 | 1320-21040 | 6973,27 ± 3245,01 | ||||
| Sedentary | Smoke | 103 | 630–7560 | 3638,34 ± 1416,69 | 0,000* | ||
| Non Smoke | 104 | 378–11340 | 4614,82–1912,01 | ||||
| CO (ppm) | Smoke | 103 | 0–22 | 6,02 ± 5,01 | 0,000* | ||
| Non Smoke | 104 | 0–7 | 0,78 ± 1,16 | ||||
| FVC | Smoke | 103 | 0,53–5,56 | 2,97–1,05 | 0,326 | ||
| Non Smoke | 104 | 1,06–11,02 | 3,16 ± 1,45 | ||||
| FEV1 | Smoke | 103 | 0,23–4,73 | 1,51 ± 0,87 | 0,684 | ||
| Non Smoke | 104 | 0,18-4,25 | 1,57 ± 0,87 | ||||
[i] **p < 0,005 Abbreviations: BMI: Body Mass Index; CO: Carbon-monoxide, FVC: Forced vital capacity, FEV1: Forced expiratory volume in 1 second, HIT-6: Headache impact test, IPAQ-SF: International Physical Activity Questionnaire-short form; WHR: Waist-Hip Ratio.
Figure 1
Comparison of daily sedentary time and CO levels between smokers and non-smoker university students. Blue bars represent sedentary time (minutes/day), while red bars indicate exhaled CO levels (ppm).
Table 2
The relations between Age, BMI, WHR, IPAQ-SF, Sedentary, CO, FVC, FEV1, HIT-6 in groups.
| SMOKER | BMI | WHR | IPAQ-SF | SEDENTARY | CO | FVC | FEV1 | HIT-6 | COUNT | AGE | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NON-SMOKER | |||||||||||
| BMI | r | 1 | 0,289** | 0,115 | 0,025 | 0,001 | 0,091 | –0,004 | –,0164 | –0,143 | 0,095 |
| p | 0,008 | 0,302 | 0,825 | 0,996 | 0,413 | 0,973 | 0,137 | 0,197 | 0,393 | ||
| WHR | r | 0,294** | 1 | –0,001 | –0,214 | 0,096 | 0,265* | 0,165 | –0,242* | 0,086 | 0,087 |
| p | 0,007 | 0,992 | 0,052 | 0,387 | 0,016 | 0,138 | 0,028 | 0,438 | 0,434 | ||
| IPAQ-SF | r | 0,096 | –0,226* | 1 | 0,402** | 0,113 | 0,053 | 0,063 | 0,057 | 0,033 | –0,081 |
| p | 0,387 | 0,039 | 0,000 | 0,309 | 0,634 | 0,571 | 0,606 | 0,764 | 0,466 | ||
| Sedentary | r | –0,171 | –0,336** | 0,567** | 1 | –0,019 | –0,078 | 0,034 | 0,178 | –0,166 | –0,058 |
| p | 0,119 | 0,002 | 0,000 | 0,864 | 0,481 | 0,760 | 0,108 | 0,134 | 0,605 | ||
| CO | r | –0,035 | 0,151 | 0,040 | 0,037 | 1 | 0,015 | –0,119 | –0,032 | 0,543** | –0,013 |
| p | 0,751 | 0,170 | 0,718 | 0,736 | 0,890 | 0,284 | 0,776 | 0,000 | 0,908 | ||
| FVC | r | 0,387** | 0,457** | –0,093 | –0,254* | –0,003 | 1 | 0,707** | –0,281* | –0,056 | –0,003 |
| p | 0,000 | 0,000 | 0,402 | 0,020 | 0,981 | 0,000 | 0,010 | 0,614 | 0,978 | ||
| FEV1 | r | 0,297 | 0,343** | –0,126 | –0,186 | –0,057 | 0,617** | 1 | –0,166 | –0,008 | –0,005 |
| p | 0,006 | 0,001 | 0,253 | 0,089 | 0,605 | 0,000 | 0,134 | 0,378 | 0,967 | ||
| HIT-6 | r | 0,080 | –0,013 | –0,045 | 0,004 | –0,111 | –0,225* | –0,105 | 1 | 0,121 | 0,037 |
| p | 0,471 | 0,907 | 0,682 | 0,970 | 0,315 | 0,039 | 0,340 | 0,277 | 0,738 | ||
| Age | r | 0,027 | –0,133 | 0,037 | 0,034 | –0,012 | –0,111 | –0,084 | 0,143 | NA | 1 |
| p | 0,804 | 0,226 | 0,738 | 0,757 | 0,913 | 0,313 | 0,449 | 0,194 | NA |
[i] **p < 0,005 Abbreviations: BMI: Body Mass Index; CO: Carbon-monoxide, FVC: Forced vital capacity, FEV1: Forced expiratory volume in 1 second, HIT-6: Headache impact test, IPAQ-SF: International Physical Activity Questionnaire-short form; WHR: Waist-Hip Ratio.
Table 3
The relationships between the HIT-6 and the FEV1 as well as the BMI in the smoking and non-smoking group.
| VARIABLES | B | BETA | p | R2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HIT-6 (Smoker) | ||||
| Constant | 63,261 | 0,000 | 0,092 | |
| FEV1 | –2,831 | –0,321 | 0,003 | |
| HIT-6 (Non-smoker) | ||||
| Constant | 47,241 | 0,000 | ||
| FEV1 | –2,115 | –0,355 | 0,012 | 0,062 |
| BMI | 0,618 | 0,228 | 0,006 | 0,097 |
[i] Stepwise multiple linear regression model.
B regression coefficient constant term.