From Dryland to Aquatic Exercise: Improving Selected Physical Fitness and Swimming Performance Parameters of Elite Adolescent Athletes With Disabilities

Bazuri Fadillah Amin; Abdul Sukur; Sudradjat Wiradihardja; Samsudin; Hernawan; Ruslan Abdul Gani; Ahmet Kurtoğlu; Amayra Tannoubi; Cristina Ioana Alexe; Edi Setiawan

doi:10.5334/paah.384

Figures & Tables

Table 1

Characteristics of the participants.

PARAMETER CHARACTERISTICS	DL+AE (n = 24)	CONTROL GROUP (n = 24)
Age (years)	16.40 ± 0.77	16.30 ± 0.81
Body height (cm)	159 ± 2.57	159 ± 2.23
Body weight (kg)	57.20 ± 2.45	58.10 ± 2.33
Body mass index (kg·m^–2)	21.70 ± 1.05	22.0 ± 1.32
Competitive swimming experience (years)	6.71 ± 0.69	6.63 ± 0.65
DL+AE experience (years)	3.08 ± 0.58	3.17 ±0.48

[i] Note: DL+AE = Dryland+ aquatic exercise.

Table 2

Dryland+aquatic exercise (DL+AE) program.

WEEK	1 DAY (TUESDAY)	2 DAY (THURSDAY)
1 week	Work: Rotations with a rubber band in dryland (5 × 2 sets) Rest: 20 sec	Work: Plank to push in dryland (5 × 3 sets) Rest: 20 sec
	Work: Romanian deadlift with a rubber band in dryland (5 × 2 sets) Rest: 20 sec	Work: Ball Crunch in dryland (5 × 3 sets) Rest: 20 sec
	Work: Both hands rotations in water (5 × 2 sets) Rest: 20 sec	Work: Front kick in water (5 × 3 sets) Rest: 20 sec
	Work: Rotatios with a rubber band in water (5 × 2 sets) Rest: 20 sec	Work: Swimming technique training (5 × 3 sets) Rest: 20 sec
2 weeks	Work: Lunge step with a rubber band in dryland (10 × 2 sets) Rest: 20 sec	Work: Hanging knee raise in dryland (10 × 2 sets) Rest: 20 sec
	Work: Push-up to burpee-streamline in dryland (10 × 2 sets) Rest: 20 sec	Work: Side to side twist in dryland (10 × 2 sets) Rest: 20 sec
	Work: Lunge step with a rubber band in water (10 × 2 sets) Rest: 20 sec	Work: High knee in water (10 × 2 sets) Rest: 20 sec
	Work: Pulling the tire in water (10 × 2 sets) Rest: 20 sec	Work: Swimming technique training (10 × 2 sets) Rest: 20 sec
3 weeks	Work: Streamline-squat jump in dryland (10 × 3 sets) Rest: 30 sec	Work: Burpee in dryland (10 × 3 sets) Rest: 30 sec
	Work: Push-up in dryland (10 × 3 sets) Rest: 30 sec	Work: Burpee+walk out in dryland (10 × 3 sets) Rest: 30 sec
	Work: High knee in water (10 × 3 sets) Rest: 30 sec	Work: Jumping with dumble in water (10 × 3 sets) Rest: 30 sec
	Work: Jumping jack in water (10 × 3 sets) Rest: 30 sec	Work: Jogging with dumble in water (10 × 3 sets) Rest: 30 sec
4 weeks	Work: Plank in dryland (15 × 3 sets) Rest: 30 sec	Work: Rapid lunge in dryland (15 × 3 sets) Rest: 30 sec
	Work: Dumbbell side bend in dryland (15 × 3 sets) Rest: 30 sec	Work: Mt. Climber in dryland (15 × 3 sets) Rest: 30 sec
	Work: Kick to the left and right side in water (15 × 3 sets) Rest: 30 sec	Work: Lunge step with a rubber band in water (15 × 3 sets) Rest: 30 sec
	Work: Swimming technique training (15 × 3 sets) Rest: 30 sec	Work: 3D knee swing in water (15 × 3 sets) Rest: 30 sec
5 weeks	Work: Squat+toe touch in dryland (15 × 2 sets) Rest: 20 sec	Work: Streamline lunge in dryland (15 × 2 sets) Rest: 20 sec
	Work: Walk out in dryland (15 × 2 sets) Rest: 20 sec	Work: Lunge Steps in dryland (15 × 2 sets) Rest: 20 sec
	Work: 3D knee swing in water (15 × 2 sets) Rest: 20 sec	Work: Medicine ball chest pass in water (15 × 2 sets) Rest: 20 sec
	Work: 3D calf stretch in water (15 × 2 sets) Rest: 20 sec	Work: Swimming technique training (15 × 2 sets) Rest: 20 sec
6 weeks	Work: Spider man in dryland (20 × 3 sets) Rest: 30 sec	Work: Left side lateral raise in dryland (20 × 3 sets) Rest: 30 sec
	Work: Reverse crunch dryland (20 × 3 sets) Rest: 30 sec	Work: Glute ham raise in dryland (20 × 3 sets) Rest: 30 sec
	Work: Horizontal arm sweeps in water(20 × 3 sets) Rest: 30 sec	Work: Side kick in water (20 × 3 sets) Rest: 30 sec
	Work: Straight leg kicks in water (20 × 3 sets) Rest: 30 sec	Work: Pulling the tire in water (20 × 3 sets) Rest: 30 sec
7 weeks	Work: Side to side twist in dryland (20 × 3 sets) Rest: 30 sec	Work: Sit-up in dryland (20 × 3 sets) Rest: 30 sec
	Work: Prone plank in dryland (20 × 3 sets) Rest: 30 sec	Work: Jackknife in dryland (20 × 3 sets) Rest: 30 sec
	Work: Jooging in water (20 × 3 sets) Rest: 30 sec	Work: Swimming technique training (20 × 3 sets) Rest: 30 sec
	Work: Swimming technique training (20 × 3 sets) Rest: 30 sec	Work: Barrier jump 5 m in water (20 × 3 sets) Rest: 30 sec

Table 3

Results of intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), Shapiro-Wilk’s (SW) and Levene’s- test (LT).

PARAMETER	ICC	95% CI	SW	LT
HGS (kg)	0.983	0.97–0.99	0.242	0.326
CMJ (cm)	0.988	0.98–0.99	0.061	0.470
YYIRTL1 (m)	0.925	0.84–0.95	0.129	0.339
Freestyle (s)	0.920	0.80–0.93	0.102	0.394
Backstroke (s)	0.897	0.79–0.95	0.397	0.242
Breaststroke (s)	0.896	0.76–0.94	0.121	0.188

[i] Note: HGS = Handgrip strength, CMJ = Counter movement jump, YYIRTL1 = Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1, ICC = intra-class correlation coefficient, CI = Confidence interval, SW = Shapiro-Wilk’s, LT = Levene’s- test.

Table 4

Changes in physical fitness between pre- and post-test after the 7 week intervention period.

PARAMETER	DL+AE (n = 24)					CONTROL (n = 24)
PARAMETER	PRE	POST	%Δ	PS T-TEST (p)	COHEN’S d	PRE	POST	%Δ	PS T-TEST (p)	COHEN’S d
HGS (kg)	32.3 ± 1.59	36.7 ± 1.95	+13.6	<.001	–2.19 [large]	31.5 ± 1.61	33.2 ± 1.63	+5.4	<.001	–1.43 [large]
CMJ (cm)	20.5 ± 1.41	24.0 ± 1.05	+17.1	<.001	–2.05 [large]	19.7 ± 1.30	21.4 ± 1.24	+8.6	<.001	–1.24 [large]
YYIRTL1 (m)	1219 ± 149	1343 ± 117	+10.2	<.001	–1.49 [large]	1061 ± 205	1104 ± 207	+4.1	0.015	–0.53 [medium]
	2-WAY ANOVA REPEATED MEASURES
	TIME (F, p, ηp²)		GROUP (F, p, ηp²)				INTERACTION (F, p, ηp²)
HGS (kg)	F_(1.46) = 163.2 p < .001 ηp² = 0.780		F_(1.46) = 23.8 p < .001 ηp² = 0.341				F_(1.46) = 34.8 p < .001 ηp² = 0.431
CMJ (cm)	F_(1.46) = 136.8 p < .001 ηp² = 0.748		F_(1.46) = 40.6 p < .001 ηp² = 0.469				F_(1.46) = 18.7 p < .001 ηp² = 0.289
YYIRTL1 (m)	F_(1.46) = 49.5 p < .001 ηp² = 0.518		F_(1.46) = 16.7 p < .001 ηp² = 0.266				F_(1.46) = 11.4 p = 0.002 ηp² = 0.199

[i] Note: HGS = Handgrip strength, CMJ = Counter movement jump, YYIRTL1 = Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1, DL+AE = Dryland+aquatic exercise, %Δ = Delta percentage, PS t-test = Paired sample t-test, ηp² = Partial eta-squared, *significant differences (p < 0.05).

Table 5

Changes in swimming performance between pre- and post-test after the 7 week intervention period.

PARAMETER	DL+AE (n = 24)					CONTROL (n = 24)
PARAMETER	PRE	POST	%Δ	PS T-TEST (p)	COHEN’S d	PRE	POST	%Δ	PS T-TEST (p)	COHEN’S d
Freestyle (s)	51.2 ± 5.65	38.2 ± 2.92	–25.4	<.001	1.98 [large]	50.4 ± 5.41	48.0 ± 5.93	–4.8	<.001	1.50 [large]
Backstroke (s)	50.3 ± 4.73	41.5 ± 3.93	–17.0	<.001	2.05 [large]	51.5 ± 4.79	49.5 ± 5.50	–3.9	<.001	0.91 [large]
Breaststroke (s)	49.6 ± 6.59	39.7 ± 4.48	–20.0	<.001	2.02 [large]	48.8 ± 4.96	46.5 ± 5.74	–4.7	0.003	0.67 [medium]
	2-WAY ANOVA REPEATED MEASURES
	TIME (F, p, ηp²)		GROUP (F, p, ηp²)				INTERACTION (F, p, ηp²)
Freestyle (s)	F_(1.46) = 124.7 p < .001 ηp² = 0.731		F_(1.46) = 12.0 p = 0.001 ηp² = 0.207				F_(1.46) = 59.4 p < .001 ηp² = 0.564
Backstroke (s)	F_(1.46) = 120.1 p < .001 ηp² = 0.723		F_(1.46) = 13.0 p < .001 ηp² = 0.220				F_(1.46) = 47.1 p < .001 ηp² = 0.506
Breaststroke (s)	F_(1.46) = 100.5 p < .001 ηp² = 0.686		F_(1.46) = 4.11 p = 0.048 ηp² = 0.082				F_(1.46) = 39.8 p < .001 ηp² = 0.464

[i] Note: DL+AE = Dryland+aquatic exercise, %Δ = Delta percentage, PS t-test = Paired sample t-test, ηp² = Partial eta-squared, *significant differences (p < 0.05).