Table 1
The descriptive statistic of adolescents at risk and not at risk of non-communicable diseases.
| VARIABLES | AT RISK n = 131 (50.9%) | NOT AT-RISK n = 126 (49.1%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MEAN | SD | MEAN | SD | |
| Age | 14.81 | 1.18 | 15.13 | 1.26 |
| Height (cm) | 159.39 | 7.75 | 163.00 | 7.86 |
| Weight (kg) | 64.76 | 16.30 | 52.65 | 7.40 |
| Triceps SF (mm) | 17.70 | 6.99 | 10.51 | 4.76 |
| Subscapular SF (mm) | 15.44 | 7.45 | 8.43 | 3.46 |
| Illiospinale SF (mm) | 13.14 | 5.93 | 7.37 | 3.75 |
| Calf SF (mm) | 19.18 | 7.59 | 12.74 | 5.85 |
| Waist (cm) | 74.23 | 10.91 | 65.70 | 5.29 |
| Hip (cm) | 99.82 | 12.44 | 87.93 | 6.08 |
| Body Mass Index (BMI) | 25.49 | 6.14 | 19.77 | 2.01 |
| Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | 121.02 | 14.83 | 115.60 | 12.00 |
| Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | 70.45 | 13.59 | 64.38 | 11.01 |
| Random Blood Glucose (mmol/L) | 4.26 | 1.51 | 4.04 | 1.29 |
| Blood Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.75 | 1.59 | 2.79 | 1.50 |
[i] SF = Skinfolds, n = total number of participants, SD = Standard deviation.
Table 2
The comparison of adolescents at risk and not at risk for NCD in terms of body fat percentage, sum of 4 skin folds, waist to hip ratio and physical activity.
| VARIABLES | AT RISK n = 131 | NOT AT RISK n = 126 | SIGNIFICANCE |
|---|---|---|---|
| Body Fat percentage (Girls) (%) | 30.80 ± 6.82 | 24.42 ± 4.89 | 0.000* |
| Body Fat Percentage (Boys) (%) | 18.92 ± 8.71 | 13.51 ± 4.59 | 0.000* |
| Sum of 4 Skinfolds (mm) | 64.48 ± 25.30 | 39.02 ± 16.19 | 0.000* |
| Waist to Hip ratio (n) | 0.74 ± 0.05 | 0.749 ± 0.06 | 0.414 |
| Exercise related physical activity (minutes per week) | 118.13 ± 167.86 | 171.19 ± 367.23 | 0.135 |
| Work related physical activity (minutes per week) | 159.77 ± 225.04 | 163.65 ± 215.53 | 0.888 |
| Transport related physical activity (minutes per week) | 69.48 ± 88.99 | 87.03 ± 123.34 | 0.191 |
| Housework related physical activity (minutes per week) | 100.04 ± 119.53 | 154.91 ± 249.87 | 0.025* |
| Total physical activity (minutes per week) | 447.44 ± 462.90 | 576.80 ± 678.71 | 0.074 |
[i] *Statistical significance = p < 0.05, n = total number of participants.
Table 3
Chi-square analyses of fat percentages, waist to hip, And physical activity for adolescents at risk and not at risk for NCD’s.
| VARIABLES | CATEGORIES | AT RISK n = 131 | NOT AT RISK n = 126 | p VALUE | EFFECT SIZE | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fat percentage | Boys | Healthy Fat % (<25%) | n = 23 24.7% | n = 70 75.3% | 0.000* | 0.402 |
| Unhealthy Fat% (≥25%) | N = 10 83.3% | n = 2 16.7% | ||||
| Girls | Healthy Fat % (<30%) | n = 54 51.4% | n = 52 48.6% | 0.000* | 0.375 | |
| Unhealthy Fat% (≥30%) | n = 22 100% | n = 0 0% | ||||
| Waist to Hip ratio | Boys | Healthy WHR (<0.90) | n = 34 31.8% | n = 73 68.2% | – | – |
| Unhealthy WHR (>0.90) | n = 0 0% | n = 0 0% | ||||
| Girls | Healthy WHR (<0.85) | n = 94 63.9% | n = 53 36.1% | 0.494 | 0.106 | |
| Unhealthy WHR (>0.85) | n = 3 2% | n = 0 0% | ||||
| Physical activity | Boys | Healthy (>300 min/week) | n = 23 31.9% | n = 49 68.1% | 0.957 | 0.005 |
| Unhealthy (<300 min/week) | n = 11 31.4% | n = 24 68.6% | ||||
| Girls | Healthy (>300 min/week) | n = 44 62% | n = 27 38.0% | 0.629 | 0.053 | |
| Unhealthy (<300 min/week) | n = 53 67.1% | n = 26 32.6% | ||||
[i] *Statistical significance = p < 0.05, n = total number of participants.
Table 4
Logistic regression of variables predicting NCD among adolescents according to body fat percentage, sum of 4 skinfolds, waist-to-hip ratio, total physical activity, and gender.
| B | S.E | WALD | DF | SIG. | EXP(B) | 95%C.I. FOR EXP(B) LOWER UPPER | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body fat Percentage | –0.137 | 0.082 | 2.814 | 1 | 0.093 | 0.872 | 0.743 | 1.023 |
| Sum of 4 Skinfolds | 0.115 | 0.032 | 13.152 | 1 | 0.000* | 1.122 | 1.054 | 1.194 |
| Waist to Hip ratio | –2.055 | 3.220 | 0.407 | 1 | 0.523 | 0.128 | 0.000 | 70.573 |
| Total Physical Activity | –0.001 | 0.000 | 4.275 | 1 | 0.039* | 0.999 | 0.999 | 1.000 |
| Gender | –0.497 | 0.456 | 1.187 | 1 | 0.276 | 0.609 | 0.249 | 1.487 |
| Constant | 0.725 | 2.562 | 0.080 | 1 | 0.777 | 0.485 | ||
[i] *Statistical significance = p < 0.05.