Table 1
Descriptive survey data.
| VARIABLE | CATEGORY | COUNT | % | MEAN | SD |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | Male | 90 | 62.5% | ||
| Female | 51 | 35.4% | |||
| Other | 3 | 2.1% | |||
| Highest level of educational attainment | Comprehensive school | 13 | 9.0% | ||
| Higher secondary or vocational school | 98 | 68.1% | |||
| University of Applied Sciences | 17 | 11.8% | |||
| University | 6 | 4.2% | |||
| Other | 9 | 6.3% | |||
| Age | 25.958 | 7.815 | |||
| Height | 175.894 | 9.766 | |||
| Weight | 80.39 | 18.688 | |||
| BMI | 25.933 | 5.658 | |||
| BMI (grouped) | Underweight | 2 | 1.4% | ||
| Normal weight | 72 | 50,0% | |||
| Pre-obesity | 42 | 29.2% | |||
| Obesity class I | 16 | 11.1% | |||
| Obesity class II | 5 | 3.5% | |||
| Obesity class III | 4 | 2.8% | |||
| Sedentary behaviour | <2 hours | 0 | 0.0% | ||
| 2 hours < × < 4 hours | 52 | 36.1% | |||
| 4 hours < × < 6 hours | 69 | 47.9% | |||
| 6 hours < × < 8 hours | 20 | 13.9% | |||
| >8 hours | 2 | 1.4% | |||
| Risk preference | Risk-aversive | 37 | 25.7% | ||
| Risk-neutral | 51 | 35.4% | |||
| Risk-seeking | 55 | 38.2% | |||
| Time preference | Present-biased | 12 | 8.3% | ||
| Time-consistent | 111 | 77.1% | |||
| Future-biased | 20 | 13.9% | |||
| Perceived health | Particularly poor | 1 | 0.7% | ||
| Rather poor | 10 | 6.9% | |||
| Neither poor nor good | 23 | 16.0% | |||
| Rather good | 69 | 47.9% | |||
| Particularly good | 38 | 26.4% | |||
| Physical | Precontemplation | 3 | 2.08% | ||
| Activity | Contemplation | 33 | 22.92% | ||
| Stages of | Preparation | 45 | 31.25% | ||
| Change | Action | 39 | 27.08% | ||
| Maintenance | 20 | 13.89% | |||
[i] Defining characteristics of the responders were male as gender, higher secondary or vocational school, normal weight, 4–6 hours of sedentary behavior daily, time-consistency as time preference, and rather good perceived health. BMI, Body Mass Index; SD, standard deviation.
Table 2
The first final OLR model.
| VARIABLE | β EST. | SE | WALD | DF | SIG. | 95% CI | EXP(β) | 95% CI (EXP) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LB | UB | EXP (LB) | EXP (UB) | |||||||
| PASC = 0 | –0.832 | 0.952 | 0.764 | 1 | 0.382 | –2.697 | 1.033 | 0.435 | 0.067 | 2.810 |
| PASC = 1 | 2.868 | 0.845 | 11.530 | 1 | <0.001 | 1.213 | 4.523 | 17.602 | 3.362 | 92.155 |
| PASC = 2 | 5.541 | 0.962 | 33.142 | 1 | <0.001 | 3.654 | 7.427 | 254.838 | 38.641 | 1680.670 |
| PASC = 3 | 7.932 | 1.077 | 54.283 | 1 | <0.001 | 5.822 | 10.042 | 2785.504 | 337.668 | 22978.261 |
| Age | 0.073 | 0.024 | 9.412 | 1 | 0.002 | 0.026 | 0.120 | 1.076 | 1.027 | 1.127 |
| BMI | –0.344 | 0.171 | 4.026 | 1 | 0.045 | –0.679 | –0.008 | 0.709 | 0.507 | 0.992 |
| SQ | 0.634 | 0.232 | 7.472 | 1 | 0.006 | 0.179 | 1.089 | 1.886 | 1.197 | 2.972 |
| H | 1.233 | 0.236 | 27.335 | 1 | <0.001 | 0.771 | 1.695 | 3.431 | 2.161 | 5.446 |
[i] The first model recognized two background and two sum variables as significant factors in the model. BMI, Body Mass Index; CI, confidence interval; df, degrees of freedom; Est., estimate; Exp,. exponent; H, habit; LB, lower bound; OLR, Ordinal Logistic Regression; PASC, Physical Activity Stages of Change; SE, standard error; Sig., significance; SQ, status quo; UB, upper bound.
Table 3
Final model of the second OLR.
| VARIABLE | β EST. | SE | WALD | DF | SIG. | 95% CI | EXP(β) | 95% CI (EXP) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LB | UB | EXP(LB) | EXP(UB) | |||||||
| PASC = 0 | 4.009 | 1.642 | 5.965 | 1 | 0.015 | 0.792 | 7.227 | 55.112 | 2.207 | 1376.039 |
| PASC = 1 | 8.332 | 1.664 | 25.077 | 1 | <0.001 | 5.071 | 11.593 | 4154.515 | 159.317 | 108337.373 |
| PASC = 2 | 11.824 | 1.855 | 40.622 | 1 | <0.001 | 8.188 | 15.460 | 136433.328 | 3596.339 | 5175834.264 |
| PASC = 3 | 14.564 | 2.003 | 52.892 | 1 | <0.001 | 10.639 | 18.489 | 2113342.909 | 41726.571 | 107035352.885 |
| Age | 0.070 | 0.024 | 8.255 | 1 | 0.004 | 0.022 | 0.117 | 1.072 | 1.022 | 1.124 |
| Q16_SQ | 1.180 | 0.224 | 27.661 | 1 | <0.001 | 0.740 | 1.620 | 3.254 | 2.096 | 5.051 |
| Q22_LE | 0.404 | 0.181 | 4.992 | 1 | 0.025 | 0.050 | 0.758 | 1.498 | 1.051 | 2.135 |
| Q31_H | 0.993 | 0.234 | 18.094 | 1 | <0.001 | 0.536 | 1.451 | 2.701 | 1.709 | 4.268 |
| Male | 3.301 | 1.238 | 7.114 | 1 | 0.008 | 0.875 | 5.727 | 27.143 | 2.400 | 307.003 |
| Female | 3.337 | 1.262 | 6.986 | 1 | 0.008 | 0.862 | 5.811 | 28.129 | 2.369 | 334.005 |
| Other | 0a | 0 | ||||||||
[i] The second broader model showed significant results with three separate statements with age and gender as background variables. CI, confidence interval; df, degrees of freedom; Est., estimate; Exp., exponent; H, habit; LB, lower bound; LE, licensing effect; OLR, Ordinal Logistic Regression; PASC, Physical Activity Stages of Change; SE, standard error; Sig., significance; SQ, status quo; UB, upper bound.
Table 4
The EFA Varimax analysis.
| ROTATED COMPONENT MATRIX | COMPONENT | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 16. I engage in a sufficient amount of physical activity on a weekly basis (SQ). | 0.892 | ||
| 20. My current amount of practicing physical activities is good (SQ). | 0.866 | ||
| 25. I am physically active on a weekly basis (H). | 0.842 | ||
| 17. I practice physical activities according to a precise weekly schedule (H). | 0.832 | ||
| 31. I practice physical activities on a weekly basis (H). | 0.827 | ||
| 21. I should be more physically active (IC). | –0.763 | ||
| 26. I wouldn’t change anything in my weekly activity habits (SQ). | 0.682 | ||
| 23. I tend to stop practicing physical activities after the first flush (IC). | –0.673 | ||
| 29. Being physically active doesn’t guarantee me a better health (LA). | 0.842 | ||
| 28. Being physically active wouldn’t benefit my current life situation at all (IC). | 0.811 | ||
| 19. Being physically active now doesn’t guarantee me health after 25 years (IC). | 0.690 | ||
| 18. Practicing physical activities decreases my other activities (LA). | 0.625 | ||
| 22. Being physically active would require great amounts of food (LE). | 0.804 | ||
| 27. Practicing physical activities as a hobby decreases my spontaneous and informal physical activity (LE). | 0.518 | ||
| 24. Practicing physical activity on a weekly basis takes me energy and time (LA). | 0.481 | ||
| 30. I tend to lie down on the couch after any form of physical activity (LE). | 0.441 | ||
[i] The EFA factored three components from the sixteen statements. EFA, explorative factor analysis; H, habit; IC, intertemporal choice; LA, loss aversion; LE, licensing effect; SQ, status quo.
Table 5
Third and final logistic regression model with new sum variables within.
| VARIABLE | β EST. | SE | WALD | DF | SIG. | 95% CI | EXP(β) | 95% CI (EXP) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LB | UB | EXP (LB) | EXP (UB) | |||||||
| PASC = 0 | –4.312 | 0.927 | 21.651 | 1 | <0.001 | –6.129 | –2.496 | 0.013 | 0.002 | 0.082 |
| PASC = 1 | –0.378 | 0.623 | 0.369 | 1 | 0.543 | –1.598 | 0.842 | 0.685 | 0.202 | 2.321 |
| PASC = 2 | 2.599 | 0.705 | 13.609 | 1 | <0.001 | 1.218 | 3.980 | 13.450 | 3.380 | 53.517 |
| PASC = 3 | 5.364 | 0.809 | 43.991 | 1 | <0.001 | 3.779 | 6.949 | 213.578 | 43.772 | 1042.107 |
| Age | 0.076 | 0.024 | 10.299 | 1 | 0.001 | 0.030 | 0.123 | 1.079 | 1.030 | 1.131 |
| Factor 1 | 2.500 | 0.291 | 73.652 | 1 | <0.001 | 1.929 | 3.071 | 12.182 | 6.883 | 21.563 |
| Factor 2 | –0.558 | 0.184 | 9.233 | 1 | 0.002 | –0.918 | –0.198 | 0.572 | 0.399 | 0.820 |
[i] From components of the factor analysis, two of them showed significance in the final OLR model along with age as a background variable. CI, confidence interval; df, degrees of freedom; Est., estimate; Exp., exponent; LB, lower bound; OLR, Ordinal Logistic Regression; PASC, Physical Activity Stages of Change; SE, standard error; Sig., significance; UB, upper bound.