Figure 1
Model of Study Design for Smart Mobile Healthcare & Walking Practice.
Table 1
General Characteristics of the Walk Practice.
| UNIT: N (%) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| VARIABLE | PRE WALK PRACTICE | POST 1 WALK PRACTICE | POST 2 WALK PRACTICE | TOTAL |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 1,075 (35.0) * | 1,525 (49.6) | 1,591 (51.7) | 3,075 (100.0) |
| Female | 1,347 (32.4) | 2,040 (49.1) | 2,066 (49.7) | 4,159 (100.0) |
| Age | ||||
| 20–39 | 770 (32.7) | 1,112 (47.2) * | 1.121 (47.6) ** | 2,354 (100.0) |
| 40–59 | 1,652 (33.9) | 2,453 (50.3) | 2,536 (52.6) | 4,880 (100.0) |
| Education Level | ||||
| ≥Graduate School | 210 (28.8) *** | 344 (47.3) *** | 366 (50.3) *** | 728 (100.0) |
| College | 1,529 (32.3) | 2,272 (47.9) | 2,315 (48.8) | 4,740 (100.0) |
| High School | 617 (38.0) | 876 (53.9) | 903 (55.6) | 1,624 (100.0) |
| ≤Middle School | 66 (46.5) | 73 (51.3) | 73 (51.4) | 142 (100.0) |
| Occupation | ||||
| Non-Physical Occupation | 1,569 (31.3) *** | 2,390 (47.7) *** | 2,454 (49.0) *** | 5,013 (100.0) |
| Physical Occupation | 273 (39.4) | 366 (52.8) | 369 (53.2) | 693 (100.0) |
| Student | 40 (51.3) | 57 (73.1) | 53 (67.9) | 78 (100.0) |
| Housewife | 475 (36.3) | 667 (51.0) | 693 (53.0) | 1,308 (100.0) |
| Inoccupation | 65 (45.8) | 85 (59.9) | 88 (62.0) | 142 (100.0) |
| Total | 2,422 (33.5) | 3,565 (49.3) | 3,657 (50.6) | 7,234 (100.0) |
[i] a) Walk practice: ≥5 day/1 week, ≥30 minutes/1 time b) Pre: Before smart mobile walk practice, Post 1: 3 month smart mobile walk practice, Post 2:6 month smart mobile walk practice, e) Chi-Square Test, e) * p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001.
Table 2
General Characteristics of the Use Mobile Device.
| UNIT: M ± SD | ||
|---|---|---|
| VARIABLE | 3 MONTHS USE MOBILE DEVICE | 6 MONTHS USE MOBILE DEVICE |
| Sex | ||
| Male | 34.20 ± 14.89 | 44.27 ± 23.10 |
| Female | 34.60 ± 15.04 | 44.56 ± 23.47 |
| Age | ||
| 20–39 | 32.18 ± 15.16*** | 39.24 ± 23.63*** |
| 40–59 | 35.51 ± 14.76 | 46.96 ± 22.74 |
| Education Level | ||
| ≥Graduate School | 34.36 ± 14.86 | 44.17 ± 23.10 |
| College | 34.91 ± 15.11 | 45.62 ± 23.69 |
| High School | 32.40 ± 17.37 | 42.24 ± 26.47 |
| ≤Middle School | 28.84 ± 17.50 | 38.28 ± 26.58 |
| Occupation | ||
| Non-Physical Occupation | 34.19 ± 14.87*** | 43.99 ± 23.19*** |
| Physical Occupation | 34.70 ± 15.44 | 45.29 ± 23.88 |
| Student | 30.01 ± 15.53 | 36.69 ± 24.09 |
| Housewife | 35.85 ± 14.83 | 46.89 ± 23.05 |
| Inoccupation | 31.13 ± 16.11 | 38.33 ± 24.38 |
[i] * p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001.
Table 3
Change Metabolic Syndrome relate Variable of the Walk Practice.
| UNIT: N (%) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| VARIABLE | PRE WALK PRACTICE | POST 1 WALK PRACTICE | POST 2 WALK PRACTICE | |||
| YES | NO | YES | NO | YES | NO | |
| HT | ||||||
| Abnormal | 1,080 (44.6) | 2,047 (42.5) | 1,052 (29.5) | 1,049 (28.6) | 954 (26.1) | 928 (25.9) |
| Normal | 1,342 (55.4) | 2,765 (57.5) | 2,513 (70.5) | 2,620 (71.4() | 2,703 (73.9) | 2,649 (74.1) |
| WC | ||||||
| Abnormal | 1,675 (69.2) | 3,419 (71.1) | 2,124 (59.6) *** | 2,358 (64.3) | 2,033 (55.6) *** | 2,168 (60.6) |
| Normal | 747 (30.8) | 1,393 (28.9) | 1,441 (40.4) | 1,311 (35.7) | 1,624 (44.4) | 1,409 (39.4) |
| FBS | ||||||
| Abnormal | 790 (32.6) | 1,498 (30.9) | 892 (25.0) | 848 (23.1) | 782 (21.4) | 774 (21.6) |
| Normal | 1,632 (67.4) | 3,323 (69.1) | 2,673 (75.0) | 2,821 (76.9) | 2,875 (78.6) | 2,803 (78.4) |
| TG | ||||||
| Abnormal | 968 (40.0) ** | 2,102 (43.7) | 1,175 (33.0) *** | 1,375 (37.5) | 1,153 (31.5) ** | 1,238 (34.6) |
| Normal | 1,454 (60.0) | 2,710 (56.3) | 2,930 (67.0) | 2,294 (62.5) | 2,504 (68.5) | 2,339 (65.4) |
| HDL-C | ||||||
| Abnormal | 759 (31.3) ** | 1,415 (29.4) | 831 (23.3) | 884 (24.1) | 713 (19.5) | 721 (20.2) |
| Normal | 1,663 (68.7) | 3,397 (70.6) | 2,734 (76.7) | 2,785 (75.9) | 2,944 (80.5) | 2,856 (79.8) |
| Total | 2,422 (100.0) | 4,812 (100.0) | 3,565 (100.0) | 3,669 (100.0) | 3,657 (100.0) | 3,577 (100.0) |
[i] Walk practice: ≥5 day/1 week, ≥30 minutes/1 time, HT: Hypertension, SBP: Systole Blood Pressure, DBP: Diastole Blood Pressure, WC: Wais Circumference, FBS: Fasting Blood Sugar, TG: Triglyceride, HDL-C: High-Density Lipoproteins Cholesterol Metabolic Syndrome relate Variables Abnormal Value (HT: SBP ≥130 or DBP ≥85, WC: Male ≥90, Female ≥80, FBS: ≥100, TG: ≥150 HDL-C: Male <40, Female <50), b) Pre: Before smart mobile walk practice, Post 1: 3 month smart mobile walk practice, Post 2:6 month smart mobile walk practice, e) Chi-Square Test, e) * p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001.
Table 4
Change Metabolic Syndrome Index of the Walk Practice.
| UNIT: M±SD | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | PREA WALK PRACTICE | POST 1B WALK PRACTICE | POST 2C WALK PRACTICE | P (BONFERRONI) |
| SBP | 126.03 ± 13.44 | 121.94 ± 12.92 | 122.19 ± 12.72 | <.001 (a > b, c) |
| DBP | 81.17 ± 10.32 | 78.42 ± 9.86 | 78.74 ± 9.83 | <.001 (a > b, c) |
| WC | 88.52 ± 9.58 | 86.73 ± 9.35 | 86.15 ± 9.38 | <.001 (a > b > c) |
| FBS | 95.67 ± 12.41 | 94.09 ± 11.18 | 93.80 ± 11.24 | <.001 (a > b >c) |
| TG | 154.22 ± 86.28 | 142.79 ± 77.66 | 142.97 ± 76.71 | <.001 (a > b, c) |
| HDL-C | 52.86 ± 13.10 | 52.71 ± 11.81 | 53.85 ± 11.65 | <.001 (a, b < c) |
| MSI | 2.16 ± 1.10 | 1.74 ± 1.17 | 1.59 ± 1.16 | <.001 (a > b > c) |
| Use Mobile Device † | 3 Month Use | 6 Month Use | p | |
| 34.43 ± 14.97 | 44.45 ± 23.31 | <.001 | ||
[i] a) SBP: Systole Blood Pressure, DBP: Diastole Blood Pressure, WC: Waist Circumference, FBS: Fasting Blood Sugar, TG: Triglyceride, HDL-C: High-Density Lipoproteins Cholesterol, MSI: Metabolic Syndrome Index Abnormal Value (HT: SBP ≥130 or DBP ≥85, WC: Male ≥90, Female ≥80, FBS: ≥100, TG: ≥150 HDL-C: Male <40, Female <50), b) Repeated Measured ANOVA (Post-hoc: Bonferroni), † Paired t-Test & Repeated Measured ANOVA (Post-hoc: Bonferroni) + 3 & 6 month Use Mobile Device Covariance, c) M: Mean, SD: Standard Deviation, d) Pre: Measured Before smart mobile walk practice, Post 1: Measured after 3 month smart mobile walk practice, Post 2: Measured after 6 month smart mobile walk practice, e) * p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001.
Figure 2
The effect of walking promoting using smart mobile activity meter on changes in metabolic profiles. The Sobel test was used to evaluate the mediation effects of walking exercise promotion on changes in metabolic profiles.