Figure 1
The study inclusion/exclusion flowchart. MetS = Metabolic syndrome PA = physical activity.
Table 1
Baseline characteristics.
| ACTIVITY GROUP | GLYCEMIC STATUS | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| METS n = 120 | NON-METS n = 67 | ||||
| SEDENTARYN = 66 | MPA n = 36 | HPA n = 18 | MPA n = 23 | HPA n = 44 | |
| Age, years | 49.5 ± 8.1 | 52.0 ± 8.0 | 51.8 ± 8.5 | 52.9 ± 5.6 | 52.3 ± 8.9 |
| Physical activity, kcal/day | 24.1 ± 32.1 | 175.5 ± 42.4 | 529.6 ± 178.1 | 209.0 ± 65.0 | 604.6 ± 262.8 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 113.0 ± 11.0 | 113.1 ± 12.6 | 113.9 ± 17.3 | 90.0 ± 7.4 | 89.4 ± 7.1 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 32.0 ± 4.6 | 31.9 ± 5.4 | 31.8 ± 5.6 | 24.1 ± 2.2 | 24.5 ± 2.2 |
| Medication | |||||
| 15(28%) | 10 (28%) | 4 (22%) | 3 (13%) | 2 (5%) |
| 24 (36%) | 14 (39%) | 4 (22%) | 1 (4%) | 0 (0%) |
| 11 (17%) | 6 (17%) | 3 (17%) | 1 (4%) | 2 (5%) |
| 19 (29%) | 7 (19%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (2%) |
| 21 (32%) | 9 (25%) | 5 (28%) | 4 (17%) | 4 (9%) |
| 13 (20%) | 3 (8%) | 2 (11%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
| Smoking | |||||
| 19 (29%) | 4 (11%) | 2 (11%) | 1 (4%) | 0 (0%) |
| 29 (44%) | 18 (50%) | 10 (56%) | 6 (26%) | 19 (43%) |
| 18 (27%) | 14 (39%) | 6 (33%) | 16 (70%) | 25 (57%) |
| 17.9 ± 15.9 | 17.1 ± 11.9 | 13.3 ± 11.4 | 4.1 ± 3.0 | 9.0 ± 8.6 |
| 140.1 ± 12.6 | 135.1 ± 12.6 | 143.8 ± 18.6 | 129.6 ± 15.7 | 129.4 ± 10.8 |
| 82.8 ± 7.8 | 79.7 ± 6.0 | 85.5 ± 11.6 | 75.6 ± 8.7 | 75.5 ± 5.7 |
[i] The values are presented as number (%) and mean ± standard deviation. MetS: Metabolic Syndrome BMI: Body mass index ACE: Angiotensin-converting enzyme ARB: Angiotensin II receptor blockers SBP: Systolic blood pressure DBP: Diastolic blood pressure MPA: Moderate physical activity group HPA: High physical activity group.
Figure 2
Laboratory results according to metabolic and physical activity status.
MetS: Metabolic syndrome MPA: Moderate physical activity group HPA: High physical activity group hs-CRP: High-sensitivity C-reactive protein HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol LDL: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol TG: Triglycerides HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin.
Figure 3
Resting heart rate and arterial elasticity according to metabolic and physical activity status.
MetS: Metabolic syndrome MPA: Moderate physical activity group HPA: High physical activity group RHR: Resting heart rate C1: Capacitive elasticity of large arteries C2: Reflective elasticity of small arteries.
Table 2
Comparison of MetS subjects in the HPA group vs. non-MetS subjects in the MPA group
| METS HPA | NON-METS MPA | P-VALUE | |
|---|---|---|---|
| hs-CRP (mg/L) | 1.1 (2.2) | 0.8 (0.5) | 0.003 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 1.6 ± 0.3 | 0.003 |
| LDL-C (mmol(L) | 3.2 ± 1.1 | 3.3 ± 0.8 | NS |
| TG (mmol/L) | 2.9 ± 3.2 | 1.1 ± 0.4 | <0.001 |
| RHR (bpm) | 66.0 ± 10.5 | 57.9 ± 10.7 | 0.009 |
| C1 (ml/mmHg × 10) | 16.6 ± 4.7 | 17.6 ± 5.4 | NS |
| C2 (ml/mmHg × 100) | 6.6 ± 3.0 | 6.3 ± 3.1 | NS |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 43.3 ± 14.4 | 38.1 ± 2.1 | NS |
[i] MPA: Moderate physical activity group HPA: High physical activity group hs-CRP: High-sensitivity C-reactive protein HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol LDL: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol TG: Triglycerides RHR: Resting heart rate C1: capacitive elasticity of large arteries C2: reflective elasticity of small arteries HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin.