Convergent Validity of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Index (TOSI)

Niina Ruopsa; Heidi Vastamäki; Leena Ristolainen; Martti Vastamäki; Mikhail Saltychev

doi:10.5334/paah.162

Figures & Tables

Frequency plot of time between surgery and response to the survey.

Table 1

Items of the TOSI, the CBSQ, and the QDASH, in brief.

TOSI
1. Pain in shoulder or arm
2. Pain in axilla, thorax, neck, or cheek
3. Weakness
4. Tingling or numbness
5. Pain with arm overhead
6. Tingling or numbness after rest
7. Clumsiness when holding objects
8. Difficulty with household chores
9. Difficulty in recreational activities
10. Difficulty in working with arm overhead
11. Compensating by using the healthy arm
12. Difficulty in working overall
13. Difficulty with heavy household chores
14. Difficulty in sleeping
15. Being worried about difficulty in working
CBSQ
1. Pain due to neck movement
2. Pain due to brief shoulder movement
3. Pain or fatigue with arm overhead
4. Swelling after exercise
5. Tingling or numbness when moving arm
6. Tingling or numbness after rest
7. Tingling or numbness when writing
8. Tingling or numbness when grasping
9. Tingling or numbness when leaning on elbow
10. Clumsiness when holding objects
11. Pain due to usually non-painful experience
12. Disabling long-lasting pain after light activities
QDASH
1. Difficulty when opening a jar
2. Difficulty in household chores
3. Difficulty when carrying bag
4. Difficulty when washing own back
5. Difficulty when using a knife
6. Difficulty in recreational activities
7. Difficulty in social activities
8. Difficulty in working
9. Pain
10. Tingling
11. Difficulty in sleeping

Table 2

Participant Characteristics.

VARIABLES	MEAN ± SD
Age at surgery, years	36.5 ± 10.2
Age at response, years	49.7 ± 10.5
BMI¹, kg/m²	27.8 ± 6.1
Symptom duration, years	4.2 ± 3.7

[i] ¹ Body mass index.

Table 3

Participant questionnaire results.

VARIABLES	MEAN ± SD
Pain, points	3.7 ± 3.3
CBSQ¹, points	55.5 ± 34.1
QDASH² total score, points	26.2 ± 11.1
TOSI³	66.6 ± 40.1

[i] ¹ Cervical Brachial Symptom Questionnaire; ² Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand; ³ Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Index.

Table 4

Number of question for each domain between TOSI, QDASH, and CBSQ.

DOMAIN	TOSI¹	QDASH²	CBSQ³
Pain and physical symptoms
Pain	3	1	5
Weakness	1	0	0
Tingling, numbness	2	1	5
Clumsiness	1	0	1
Swelling	0	0	1
Sports and recreation	2	2	0
Work	4	2	0
Lighter tasks	0	4	0
Lifestyle	1	1	0
Emotions	1	0	0

[i] ¹ Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Index, ² Short form Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand, ³ Cervical Brachial Symptom Questionnaire.

The bolded rows indicate five domains for evaluating quality of life.

Table 5

Correlations between the TOSI and the CBSQ, the QDASH, and pain numerical rating scale. Very strong correlations in dark grey boxes, strong in light grey, and moderate, weak or insignificant in white. Significant correlations (P < 0.05) in bold.

COMPARATORS	TOSI³
COMPARATORS	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	TOTAL
CBSQ¹
1	0.50	0.56	0.46	0.44	0.54	0.37	0.55	0.58	0.53	0.47	0.47	0.41	0.60	0.47	0.29	0.54
2	0.42	0.50	0.52	0.51	0.57	0.39	0.60	0.56	0.51	0.46	0.50	0.41	0.58	0.41	0.33	0.53
3	0.43	0.46	0.57	0.51	0.63	0.42	0.58	0.55	0.53	0.60	0.51	0.42	0.62	0.39	0.37	0.55
4	0.58	0.58	0.60	0.52	0.64	0.54	0.70	0.62	0.62	0.62	0.63	0.40	0.58	0.55	0.36	0.64
5	0.48	0.51	0.58	0.55	0.69	0.48	0.65	0.60	0.57	0.62	0.58	0.49	0.61	0.48	0.46	0.60
6	0.54	0.57	0.54	0.50	0.58	0.58	0.60	0.59	0.54	0.41	0.57	0.37	0.55	0.49	0.35	0.61
7	0.54	0.53	0.58	0.53	0.62	0.45	0.61	0.67	0.62	0.59	0.63	0.63	0.68	0.45	0.53	0.63
8	0.60	0.57	0.69	0.59	0.75	0.54	0.70	0.75	0.72	0.69	0.71	0.60	0.74	0.53	0.49	0.72
9	0.43	0.53	0.55	0.53	0.61	0.36	0.53	0.54	0.53	0.53	0.45	0.41	0.57	0.46	0.38	0.56
10	0.33	0.43	0.52	0.45	0.44	0.29	0.63	0.50	0.50	0.43	0.47	0.38	0.48	0.25	0.32	0.48
11	0.44	0.48	0.45	0.47	0.52	0.37	0.58	0.52	0.42	0.43	0.53	0.32	0.48	0.45	0.27	0.53
12	0.55	0.58	0.60	0.61	0.68	0.51	0.64	0.65	0.60	0.59	0.68	0.54	0.65	0.59	0.48	0.70
Total	0.60	0.65	0.70	0.65	0.74	0.55	0.76	0.74	0.69	0.66	0.68	0.55	0.74	0.56	0.46	0.73
QDASH²
1	0.08	0.11	0.29	0.17	0.32	0.12	0.49	0.37	0.30	0.36	0.20	0.08	0.34	0.18	–0.04	0.27
2	0.53	0.45	0.55	0.47	0.60	0.41	0.58	0.67	0.66	0.62	0.57	0.60	0.78	0.54	0.43	0.64
3	0.41	0.31	0.49	0.34	0.49	0.30	0.49	0.57	0.44	0.61	0.40	0.37	0.63	0.47	0.24	0.49
4	0.38	0.31	0.51	0.33	0.42	0.27	0.50	0.45	0.44	0.46	0.42	0.33	0.46	0.25	0.17	0.43
5	0.33	0.32	0.34	0.32	0.46	0.23	0.55	0.59	0.49	0.42	0.44	0.31	0.57	0.41	0.24	0.48
6	0.43	0.42	0.49	0.46	0.57	0.35	0.49	0.56	0.53	0.57	0.45	0.40	0.64	0.50	0.28	0.54
7	0.46	0.47	0.53	0.47	0.67	0.39	0.55	0.60	0.51	0.64	0.56	0.41	0.66	0.55	0.37	0.61
8	0.40	0.38	0.49	0.39	0.63	0.30	0.53	0.61	0.54	0.64	0.52	0.51	0.69	0.52	0.41	0.57
9	0.51	0.44	0.49	0.43	0.55	0.40	0.49	0.55	0.50	0.51	0.44	0.38	0.61	0.54	0.35	0.56
10	0.50	0.51	0.54	0.56	0.63	0.48	0.59	0.59	0.50	0.53	0.50	0.34	0.54	0.58	0.34	0.61
11	0.51	0.48	0.60	0.41	0.57	0.43	0.45	0.57	0.48	0.53	0.45	0.40	0.64	0.59	0.33	0.59
Total	0.53	0.48	0.61	0.51	0.67	0.43	0.65	0.68	0.61	0.67	0.57	0.47	0.74	0.58	0.36	0.66
Pain
Pain NRS	0.54	0.56	0.56	0.55	0.65	0.54	0.63	0.6	0.57	0.53	0.53	0.43	0.6	0.5	0.4	0.64

[i] ¹Cervical Brachial Symptom Questionnaire; ²Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand; ³Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Index