Table 1
General model of annual formation of cementum layering in accordance with time of year (Burke 1995; Burke and Castinat 1995; McKinley and Burke 2000; Adapted from: McKinley and Shead, unpublished report).
| Season | Description | Increment ratio (ultimate to penultimate) |
|---|---|---|
| Spring | By the end of March, some specimens have experienced incipient deposition of a growth zone (i.e. <10% of the ultimate growth zone when compared to the penultimate growth zone). Incipient deposition of growth zone layer occurs in most samples before mid-June. | 0–10% |
| Summer | By mid-June, individuals are into their growth period. From this time to approximately the end of August, the majority of individuals will exhibit 10–90% of the ultimate growth zone, compared with the penultimate growth zone. | 10–90% |
| Fall | From the end of August to the end of December, most individuals will have 90–100% of a growth zone deposited compared to the previous year’s growth zone. | 90–100% |
| Winter | Between the end of December and the end of March, most individuals will experience a significant slow-down or arrest in growth. | 100% |
Figure 1
Anatomical tooth diagram for thin-section preparation; A) crown, B) ECJ, C) cementum location layer on root just below the gum line, and D) cementum location layer on upper mid-root (i.e., reserve crown). Right UP3, buccal aspect.
Figure 2
Thin-section cut orientation; A) initial cut perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the upper-third of the tooth, B) section orientation that captures the gum line portion, C) section orientation that captures just below the gum line, and D) an illustration showing the cut perpendicular to the cementum surface on the long axis of the tooth (note that depending on the external surface, the plain of cut is adjusted so that the cementum increments are sliced as perpendicular as possible). Same tooth as Figure 1. Upper Right P3, buccal and occlucal aspects.
Figure 3
Caliper and Line Drag tools.
Figure 4
Archaeological sites located in the Federsee Basin: 1 - Bad Schussenried-Riedschachen I-III; 2 - Bad Schussenried-Aichbühl; 3 - Bad Buchau-Taubried; 4 Bad Buchau-Dullenried; 5 - „Wasserburg“ Buchau; 6 - Bad Buchau-Siedlung Forschner; 7 - Alleshausen-Ödenahlen; 8 - Alleshausen-Hartöschle; 9 - Seekirch-Stockwiesen; 10 - Seekirch-Achwiesen; 11 - Alleshausen-Grundwiesen; 12 - Alleshausen-Täschenwiesen; 13 - Bad Buchau-Torwiesen II; 14 - Bad Buchau-Torwiesen I; 15 - Bad Buchau-Bachwiesen III; 16 - Bad Buchau-Bachwiesen I; 17 - Bad Buchau-Bachwiesen II; 18 - Bad Buchau-Bachwiesen IV; 19 - Oggelshausen-Bruckgraben. © and reprinted with permission from Landesamt für Denkmalpflege Baden-Württemberg. Adapted from Schlichtherle et al. 2013, figure 7b. Illustrator: Almut Kalkowski.
Figure 5
Bad Buchau-Dullenried: Intra-site spatial organisation of the site with the wooden floor constructions of at least nine houses (cf. Bollacher 2001, Abb. 31). © and reprinted with permisison from Landesamt für Denkmalpflege Baden-Württemberg. Illustrator: Helmut Schlichtherle.
Figure 6
Bad Buchau-Dullenried: Reconstruction of four hypothetical occupation phases: Similarly oriented houses are supposed to be built and used simultaneously. © and reprinted with permisison from Landesamt für Denkmalpflege Baden-Württemberg. Original publication: Schlichtherle 2004, page 19.
Figure 7
Bad Buchau-Dullenried: 2-D Dispersion Calibration of radiocarbon data on horse bones (cf. Weniger et al. 2011). Image created by Karlheinz Steppan.
Figure 8
Photograph of the four horse samples before thin-sectioning. A) Du-A_1, B) Du-A_2, C) Du-A_3, D)Du-A_4.
Figure 9
Thin-section of DU-A-1, UP2: A) gum line image, B) mid-root image.
Figure 10
Thin-section of DU-A-1, UP3: A) gum line image, B) mid-root image.
Figure 11
Thin-section of DU-A-1, UP4: A) gum line image, B) mid-root image.
Figure 12
Thin-section of DU-A-3, LM1: A) gum line image, B) mid-root image.
Figure 13
Thin-section of DU-A-3, LM2: A) gum line image, B) mid-root image.
Table 2
Radiocarbon dated charcoal and horse bone samples.
| Species | Element | LabCode | 14C Age BP |
|---|---|---|---|
| Charcoal | Hd-21892 | 4463 ± 22 | |
| Charcoal | Hd-22209 | 4496 ± 25 | |
| Equus ferus | Mandible | UtC-11467 | 4355 ± 48 |
| Equus ferus | Scapula | UtC-11468 | 4450 ± 50 |
| Equus ferus | Metacarpal III | UtC-11469 | 4480 ± 50 |
| Equus ferus | Mandible | Erl-9766 | 4420 ± 48 |
| Equus ferus | Mandible | Erl-9767 | 4384 ± 48 |
| Equus ferus | Mandible | Erl-9768 | 4461 ± 46 |
| Equus ferus | Mandible | Erl-9769 | 4443 ± 47 |
Table 3
Number and weight of the analysed animal bones.
| Species | NISP_1 | NISP_1 % | NISP_1 % | Weight [g] | Weight % | Weight % | Mean weight |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indet. | 1 | 0.79 | 1.10 | 0.01 | 1.10 | ||
| Indet. pig size | 1 | 0.79 | 2.10 | 0.02 | 2.10 | ||
| Total indet. | 2 | 1.59 | 3.2 | 0.03 | 1.60 | ||
| Red deer (Cervus elaphus) | 7 | 5.56 | 5.65 | 130.60 | 1.18 | 1.18 | 18.66 |
| Aurochs (Bos primigenius) | 25 | 19.84 | 20.16 | 3463.80 | 31.42 | 31.43 | 138.55 |
| Wild horse (Equus ferus) | 59 | 46.83 | 47.58 | 5521.40 | 50.08 | 50.09 | 93.58 |
| Total wild mammals | 91 | 72.22 | 73.39 | 9115.8 | 82.68 | 82.70 | 100.17 |
| Wild boar or domestic pig | 3 | 2.38 | 2.42 | 39.90 | 0.36 | 0.36 | 13.30 |
| Aurochs or cattle | 9 | 7.14 | 7.26 | 427.50 | 3.88 | 3.88 | 47.50 |
| Large wild or domestic ruminants | 11 | 8.73 | 8.87 | 234.60 | 2.13 | 2.13 | 21.33 |
| Small wild or domestic ruminants | 1 | 0.79 | 0.81 | 4.30 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 4.30 |
| Total wild or domestic mammals | 24 | 19.05 | 19.35 | 706.3 | 6.41 | 6.41 | 29.43 |
| Dog (Canis familiaris) | 1 | 0.79 | 0.81 | 4.50 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 4.50 |
| Cattle (Bos taurus) | 8 | 6.35 | 6.45 | 1195.50 | 10.84 | 10.85 | 149.44 |
| Total domestic mammals | 9 | 7.14 | 7.26 | 1200 | 10.88 | 10.89 | 133.33 |
| Total det. | 124 | 98.41 | 100.00 | 11022.1 | 99.97 | 100.00 | 88.89 |
| Total | 126 | 100.00 | 11025.3 | 100.00 | 87.50 | ||
| Red deer - shed antler | 7 | 626.90 | 89.56 | ||||
| Catfish (Silurus glanis) | 4 | 18.40 | 4.60 | ||||
| Total | 137 | 11670.6 | 85.19 |
Table 4
Anatomical description of all elements.
| Catalogue # | Other # | Element | Tooth Type | Side | Root # |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Du-A-1 | NA | Maxilla | P2 | R | 3 |
| Du-A-1 | NA | Maxilla | P3 | R | 3 |
| Du-A-1 | NA | Maxilla | P4 | R | 3 |
| Du-A-2 | NA | Maxilla | P2 | L | 3 |
| Du-A-3 | Du-B/A-Cu | Mandible | M1 | R | 2 |
| Du-A-3 | Du-B/A-Cu | Mandible | M2 | R | 2 |
| Du-A-3 | Du-B/A-Cu | Mandible | M3 | R | 3 |
| Du-A-4 | Du-B/A-Cu | Mandible | M1 | R | 2 |
| Du-A-4 | Du-B | Mandible | M2 | R | 2 |
| Du-A-4 | Du-B | Mandible | M3 | R | 3 |
[i] NA - Not applicable.
Table 5
Age distribution based on incisor and cheek tooth eruption and wear systems.
| Tooth eruption (Hoppe et al. 2004) | Incisor wear (Silver 1969) | Levine (1982) cheek tooth wear system age | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Catalogue # | Tooth Type* | Age interval** | MD Crown (mm) 1 | BL Crown Height (mm) 1 | M Crown Height (mm) 1 | D Crown Height (mm) 1 | B Crown Height (mm) 1 | L Crown Height (mm) 1 | Saddle Height (mm) 2 | Maximum tooth height (mm) 3 | Estimated age**,4 | Average age** | |
| Du-A-1 | UP2 | >2.5–3 Y | 5 - 6 Y | 36.25 | 24.56 | NA | 10.59 | 10.93 | 10.81 | 31.29 | 42.22 | 8–10 Y | 8 Y |
| Du-A-1 | UP3 | >2.5–3 Y | 5 - 6 Y | 29.37 | 24.8 | 6.27 | 9.11 | 8.51 | NA | 46.48 | 55.59 | 7–9 Y | 8 Y |
| Du-A-1 | UP4 | >3.5–4 Y | 5 - 6 Y | 27.9 | 26.98 | 0 | 0 | 3.28 | NA | 58.12 | 61.4 | 7–8 Y | 8 Y |
| Du-A-2 | UP2 | >2.5–3 Y | 5 - 6 Y | 36.05 | 24.61 | NA | NA | NA | 4.49 | 48.46 | 52.95 | 7–8 Y | 7.5 Y |
| Du-A-3 | LM1 | >8–12 M | NA | 32.82 | 34.75 | NA | 4.94 | 4.33 | 6.23 | 71.7 | 77.93 | 5–6 Y | 5 Y |
| Du-A-3 | LM2 | >22–26 M | NA | 27.71 | 15.7 | 4.91 | 7.56 | 6.74 | 9.91 | 67.79 | 77.7 | 4–5 Y | 5 Y |
| Du-A-3 | LM3 | >3.5–4 Y | NA | 29.3 | 13.44 | NA | 8.14 | 6.27 | 4.54 | 64.24 | 72.38 | 5–6 Y | 5 Y |
| Du-A-4 | LM1 | >8–12 M | NA | 28.62 | 17.43 | 10.33 | 8.08 | 7.99 | 3.28 | 66.71 | 77.04 | 4–5 Y | 5 Y |
| Du-A-4 | LM2 | >22–26 M | NA | 27.06 | 17.2 | 9.83 | 13.82 | 6.37 | 10.46 | 62.63 | 76.45 | 4–5 Y | 5 Y |
| Du-A-4 | <M3 | >3.5–4 Y | NA | 15.03 | 30.76 | 14.83 | 7.45 | 9.56 | 7.73 | 59.9 | 74.73 | 5–6 Y | 5 Y |
[i] NA - Not applicable; * - ‘U’ indicates maxillary position, ‘L’ indicates mandibular position; ** - ‘Y’ indicates years, ‘M’ indicates months 1 - anatomical abbreviaitons: M-mesial, B-buccal, L-lingual; 2 - distance of saddle - crown at ECJ; 3 - excluding root - saddle-crown height; 4 - See Levine 1982, appendix IIIa, p. 249.
Table 6
Age of specimens based on thin-section techniques (manual, line histogram and automated).
| Gumline data | Manual counting of cementum annuli ageing* | Line histogram counting of cementum technique* | Digital automated counting of cementum ageing* | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Catalogue # | Element | Tooth Type | Gumline Specimen Thickness Mes (µm) | Gumline Specimen Thickness Dis (µm) | Gumline Optical Manual Counts** | Upper Root Optical Manual Counts | Gumline Optical Manual Counts Estimated Ages (Years) | Upper Root Optical Manual Counts Estimated Ages (Years) | Gumline Digital Line Histogram Counts | Upper Root Digital Line Histogram Counts | Gumline Digital Line Histogram Estimated Ages (Years) | Upper Root Digital Line Histogram Estimated Ages (Years) | Gumline Digital Automated Increment Counts | Upper Root Digital Automated Increment Counts | Gumline Digital Automated Increment Estimated Ages (Years) | Upper Root Digital Automated Increment Estimated Ages (Years) |
| Du-A-1 | Maxilla | P2 | 1.62 | 1.063 | 6 | 7 | 8.5 to 9 | 9.5 to 10 | 7 | 9 | 9.5 to 10 | 11.5 to 12 | 8 | 10 | 10.5 to 11 | 12.5 to 13 |
| Du-A-1 | Maxilla | P3 | 1.075 | 1.06 | 8 | 7 | 10.5 to 11 | 9.5 to 10 | 9 | 9 | 11.5 to 12 | 11.5 to 12 | 10 | 8 | 12.5 to 13 | 10.5 to 11 |
| Du-A-1 | Maxilla | P4 | 1.78 | 1.06 | 10 | 9 | 13.5 to 14 | 12.5 to 13 | 10 | 10 | 13.5 to 14 | 13.5 to 14 | 10 | 10 | 13.5 to 14 | 13.5 to 14 |
| Du-A-2 | Maxilla | P2 | 1.067 | 1.81 | UN | UN | UN | UN | UN | UN | UN | UN | UN | UN | UN | UN |
| Du-A-3 | Mandible | M1 | 1.051 | 1.063 | UN | 10 | UN | 11 | UN | 9 | UN | 10 | UN | 9 | UN | 10 |
| Du-A-3 | Mandible | M2 | 1.08 | 1.07 | 8 | 7 | 10.5 to 10 | 9.5 to 10 | 8 | 9 | 13 to 14 | 11.5 to 12 | 11 | 10 | 11.5 to 13 | 11.5 to 12 |
| Du-A-3 | Mandible | M3 | 1.08 | 1.76 | 5 | 9 | 8.5 to 9 | 12.5 to 13 | UN | 9 | UN | 12.5 to 13 | 6 | 9 | 9.5 to 10 | 12.5 to 13 |
| Du-A-4 | Mandible | M1 | 1.81 | 1.067 | 10 | UN | 11 | UN | 9 | UN | 10 | UN | 9 | UN | 10 | UN |
| Du-A-4 | Mandible | M2 | 1.08 | 1.76 | 9 | 8 | 11 to 12 | 10.5 to 11 | 10 | 9 | 12.5 to 13 | 10.5 to 11 | 10 | 9 | 11.5 to 12 | 10.5 to 11 |
| Du-A-4 | Mandible | M3 | 1.08 | 1.73 | 9 | 8 | 12.5 to 13 | 12.5 to 13 | 10 | 9 | 12.5 to 13 | 12.5 to 13 | 10 | 10 | 13.5 to 14 | 13.5 to 14 |
[i] Notes: * Only the number of dark increments are counted.
UN - Unidentifiable.
Table 7
All techniques for estimation of age of specimens.
| Tooth eruption age | Incisor tooth eruption and wear | Levine cheek tooth eruption and wear | Manual counting of cementum annuli ageing* | Line histogram counting of cementum technique* | Digital automated counting of cementum ageing* | All cementum ageing techniques combined** | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Catalogue # | Element | Tooth Type | Tooth eruption age (Hope et al. 2004) | Age based upon incisor tooth wear (cf. Silver 1969) | Estimated age based on Levine method (1982, appendix IIIa) | Average age estimated for individual based on Levine | Gumline Optical Manual Counts Estimated Ages (Years) | Upper Root Optical Manual Counts Estimated Ages (Years) | Gumline Digital Line Histogram Estimated Ages (Years) | Upper Root Digital Line Histogram Estimated Ages (Years) | Gumline Digital Automated Increment Estimated Ages (Years) | Upper Root Digital Automated Increment Estimated Ages (Years) | Average Estimated Age-All Techniques | Average Estimated Age for Individual (Manual) | Average Estimated Age for Individual (Line) | Average Estimated Age for Individual (Digita/Automated) | Probable age (all cementum techniques averaged) |
| Du-A-1 | Maxilla | P2 | >2.5–3 Y | 5-6 Y | 8–10 Y | 8 Y | 8.5 to 9 | 9.5 to 10 | 9.5 to 10 | 11.5 to 12 | 10.5 to 11 | 12.5 to 13 | 10.3 to 10.8 | 9 to 9.5 | 10.5 to 11 | 11.5 to 12 | 10.825 |
| Du-A-1 | Maxilla | P3 | >2.5–3 Y | 5-6 Y | 7–9 Y | 8 Y | 10.5 to 11 | 9.5 to 10 | 11.5 to 12 | 11.5 to 12 | 12.5 to 13 | 10.5 to 11 | 11 to 11.5 | 11.25 to 12 | 11.5 to 12 | 11.5 to 12 | 11.59375 |
| Du-A-1 | Maxilla | P4 | >3.5–4 Y | 5-6 Y | 7–8 Y | 8 Y | 13.5 to 14 | 12.5 to 13 | 13.5 to 14 | 13.5 to 14 | 13.5 to 14 | 13.5 to 14 | 11.6 to 13.8 | 13 to 13.5 | 13.5 to 14 | 13.5 to 14 | 13.6375 |
| Du-A-2 | Maxilla | P2 | >2.5–3 Y | 5-6 Y | 7–8 Y | 7.5 Y | UN | UN | UN | UN | UN | UN | UN | UN | UN | UN | UN |
| Du-A-3 | Mandible | M1 | >8–12 M | NA | 5–6 Y | 5 Y | UN | 11 | UN | 10 | UN | 10 | 10.3 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 10.325 |
| Du-A-3 | Mandible | M2 | >22–26 M | NA | 4–5 Y | 5 Y | 10.5 to 10 | 9.5 to 10 | 13 to 14 | 11.5 to 12 | 11.5 to 13 | 11.5 to 12 | 11.25 to 11.8 | 10 | 12.25 to 13 | 11.5 to 12.5 | 11.5375 |
| Du-A-3 | Mandible | M3 | >3.5–4 Y | NA | 5–6 Y | 5 Y | 8.5 to 9 | 12.5 to 13 | UN | 12.5 to 13 | 9.5 to 10 | 12.5 to 13 | 11 to 11.5 | 10.5 to 11 | 12.5 to 13 | 11 to 11.5 | 11.5 |
| Du-A-4 | Mandible | M1 | >8–12 M | NA | 4–5 Y | 5 Y | 11 | UN | 10 | UN | 10 | UN | 10.3 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 10.325 |
| Du-A-4 | Mandible | M2 | >22–26 M | NA | 4–5 Y | 5 Y | 11 to 12 | 10.5 to 11 | 12.5 to 13 | 10.5 to 11 | 11.5 to 12 | 10.5 to 11 | 11 to 11.6 | 10.75 to 11.6 | 11.5 to 12 | 11 to 11.5 | 11.5125 |
| Du-A-4 | Mandible | M3 | >3.5–4 Y | NA | 5–6 Y | 5 Y | 12.5 to 13 | 12.5 to 13 | 12.5 to 13 | 12.5 to 13 | 13.5 to 14 | 13.5 to 14 | 12.8 to 13.3 | 12.5 to 13 | 12.5 to 13 | 13.5 to 14 | 13.075 |
[i] Notes: NA - Not applicable.
UN - Unidentifiable.
* Only the number of dark increments are counted.
** All ageing techniques combined excludes incisor and cheek tooth wear.
Figure 14
Thin-section of DU-A-3, LM3: A) gum line image, B) mid-root image.
Figure 15
Thin-section of DU-A-4, LM1: A) gum line image, B) mid-root image.
Figure 16
Thin-section of DU-A-4, LM2: A) gum line image, B) mid-root image.
Figure 17
Thin-section of DU-A-4, LM3: A) gum line image, B) mid-root image.
Table 8
Seasonality related data based on thin-sectioning of cementum techniques (manual, line histogram and automated).
| Catalogue # | Element | Tooth Type | Microscopic Taphonomic Damage | Manual seasonality technique* | Our analysis | Line histogram seasonality technique* | Our analysis | Digital automated seasonality technique* | Our analysis | Season of death (all techniques) | Our analysis | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gumline Optical Manual Season Ratio | Upper Root Optical Manual Season Ratio | Seaon of death | Gumline Line Histogram IncrementRatio (Burke and/or Lieberman) | Upper Root Line Histogram Increment Ratio (Burke and/or Lieberman) | Seaon of death | Gumline Digital Pentultimate Increment Width (pixels) | Upper Root Digital Pentultimate Increment Width (pixels) | Gumline Digital Ultimate Increment Width (pixels) | Upper Root Digital Ultimate Increment Width (pixels) | Gumline Digital Increment Ratio | Upper Root Digital Increment Ratio | Seaon of death | Gumline Pentultimate Increment Colour | Upper Root Pentultimate Increment Colour | Gumline Outer Increment Lumenance Profile | Upper Root Outer Increment Lumenance Profile | Probable Seaon of death | ||||
| Du-A-1 | Maxilla | P2 | 0 | 0.9 | UN | Very late Summer/early Fall | 0.8 | 0.8 | Late Summer | 35 | UN | 22 | UN | 0.99 | UN | Late Fall or early Winter | Dark | Dark | Valley | Valley | Late Fall or early Winter |
| Du-A-1 | Maxilla | P3 | 0 | 0.8 | UN | Very late Summer/early Fall | 0.8 | 0.9 | Late Summer | 32 | 34 | 27 | 21 | 0.84 | UN | Late Fall or early Winter | Dark | Dark | Valley | Valley | Late Fall or early Winter |
| Du-A-1 | Maxilla | P4 | 0 | UN | UN | UN | UN | 0.7 | UN | 26 | UN | 22 | UN | 0.84 | UN | Late Fall or early Winter | Dark | Dark | Valley | Valley | Late Fall or early Winter |
| Du-A-2 | Maxilla | P2 | Specimen damaged beyond usability | UN | UN | UN | UN | UN | UN | UN | UN | UN | UN | UN | UN | UN | Dark | Dark | UN | UN | UN |
| Du-A-3 | Mandible | M1 | 0 | UN | 1 | Winter | UN | 0.8 | Late Summer/Late Fall | UN | UN | UN | 9 | UN | 9 | Late Fall/Early Winter | Dark | Dark | Valley | Valley | Late Fall/early Winter |
| Du-A-3 | Mandible | M2 | 0 | 0.9 | 0.9 | Winter | 0.8 | 0.7 | Late Summer/Late Fall | 55 | 13 | 46 | 12 | 0.61 | 0.9 | Late Summer/Late Fall | Dark | Dark | Valley | Valley | Late Summer/early Winter |
| Du-A-3 | Mandible | M3 | 0 | 1 | 1 | Winter | 0.9 | 0.9 | Late Summer/Late Fall | 25 | 22 | 23 | 15 | 1 | 0.7 | Late Summer/Late Fall | Dark | Dark | Valley | Valley | Late Summer/early Winter |
| Du-A-4 | Mandible | M1 | Increments difficult to see | 0.9 | UN | Winter | 0.8 | 0.8 | Late Summer/early Winter | 47 | 35 | 40 | 35 | 0.73 | 0.7 | Late Summer/early Winter | Dark | Dark | Valley | Valley | Late Summer/early Winter |
| Du-A-4 | Mandible | M2 | 0 | UN | 1 | Winter | UN | 0.9 | Late Summer/early Winter | UN | 24 | UN | 21 | UN | 0.9 | Late Summer/early Winter | Dark | Dark | Valley | Valley | Late Summer/early Winter |
| Du-A-4 | Mandible | M3 | 0 | 0.9 | UN | Winter | 0.7 | 0.8 | Late Summer/early Winter | 18 | UN | 16 | UN | 0.73 | UN | Late Summer/early Winter | Dark | Dark | Valley | Valley | Late Summer/early Winter |
[i] Notes: NA - Not applicable.
* Only the number of dark increments are counted.
UN - Unidentifiable.
Appendix 1A
Photograph of specimen Du-A-1, UPM2, various views.
Appendix 1B
Photograph of specimen Du-A-1, UPM3, various views.
Appendix 1C
Photograph of specimen Du-A-1, UPM4, lingual view.
Appendix 2
Photograph of specimen Du-A-2, LPM2, various views.
Appendix 3A
Photograph of specimen Du-A-3, LM1, various views.
Appendix 3B
Photograph of specimen Du-A-3, LM2, various views.
Appendix 3C
Photograph of specimen Du-A-3, LM3, various views.
Appendix 4A
Photograph of specimen Du-A-4, LM1, various views.
Appendix 4B
Photograph of specimen Du-A-4, LM2, various views.
Appendix 4C
Photograph of specimen Du-A-4, LM3, various views.