Table 1
Demographic Variables across four countries (N = 2031).
| VARIABLES | CATEGORIES | GERMANY (N = 524) | SPAIN (N = 496) | NETHERLANDS (N = 503) | UK (N = 508) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (%) | 18–24 | 8.97 | 9.88 | 9.74 | 12.01 |
| 25–34 | 22.14 | 22.98 | 22.66 | 23.82 | |
| 35–44 | 23.09 | 34.48 | 25.85 | 23.82 | |
| 45–54 | 26.34 | 19.56 | 21.47 | 21.46 | |
| 55–64 | 17.75 | 12.1 | 18.29 | 17.32 | |
| 65–74 | 1.72 | 1.01 | 1.79 | 1.58 | |
| 75–84 | 0 | 0 | 0.199 | 0 | |
| Gender (%) | Male | 50.76 | 50.2 | 52.49 | 47.44 |
| Female | 49.05 | 49.8 | 47.52 | 52.56 | |
| Other | 0.191 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Employment (%) | Unemployed | 11.26 | 14.11 | 20.08 | 15.75 |
| Student | 6.3 | 6.05 | 5.96 | 2.95 | |
| Retired | 8.02 | 2.22 | 2.78 | 3.15 | |
| (Self-)Employed | 74.43 | 77.62 | 71.17 | 78.15 | |
| Education (%) | No degree | 2.1 | 0.61 | 1.79 | 5.12 |
| High school | 11.64 | 15.52 | 14.51 | 22.05 | |
| Some university, no degree | 8.59 | 5.65 | 36.18 | 14.76 | |
| Technical degree | 46.18 | 23.79 | 22.47 | 18.11 | |
| Bachelor’s degree | 13.36 | 38.11 | 8.95 | 26.97 | |
| Master’s degree | 16.79 | 11.9 | 12.33 | 8.47 | |
| Doctoral degree | 1.34 | 4.44 | 3.78 | 4.53 | |
| Religion (%) | Protestant | 23.86 | 1.82 | 12.33 | 19.09 |
| Roman-Catholic | 25.76 | 46.17 | 20.48 | 19.49 | |
| Muslim | 5.73 | 0.81 | 5.77 | 4.73 | |
| Jewish | 0.76 | 0.61 | 1.59 | 1.38 | |
| Russian-Orthodox | 0.95 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | |
| Greek-Orthodox | 0.76 | 0 | 0.4 | 0.79 | |
| Hindu | 0.76 | 0 | 0.4 | 0.98 | |
| Buddhist | 0.57 | 0.61 | 0.99 | 0.79 | |
| Agnostic | 1.91 | 6.25 | 0.99 | 1.77 | |
| Atheist | 6.68 | 14.52 | 3.58 | 5.91 | |
| Spiritual | 1.91 | 4.64 | 4.97 | 3.35 | |
| Non-Religious | 30.34 | 24.19 | 48.11 | 41.34 |
Table 2
Instruments, Number of Included Items and Response Options, Means, Standard Deviations and Reliability Scores (Cronbach’s Alpha).
| INSTRUMENT | NUMBER OF INCLUDED ITEMS (*REVERSED) | NUMBER OF RESPONSE OPTIONS | MEAN | SD | RELIABILITY (CRONBACH’S ALPHA) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | 1 | 8 | 41.32 | 12.52 | N/A |
| Subjective Social Status | 1 | 1 | 6.048 | 1.829 | N/A |
| Political Orientation | 1 | 11 | –0.042 | 2.188 | N/A |
| Anxiety about Coronavirus | 5 | 10 | 6.197 | 1.433 | 0.554 |
| Anxiety about Coronavirus (items removed) | 4 | 10 | 6.861 | 1.958 | 0.808 |
| Feeling Status | 1 | 10 | 6.195 | 2.08 | N/A |
| Coronavirus Infection Status (Self and Friends) | 1 | 4 | 1.855 | 0.518 | N/A |
| Coronavirus Infection Status (Self and Friends) | 1 | 4 | 2.402 | 0.881 | N/A |
| Threats (Realistic/Symbolic) | 8 | 7 | 3.656 | 0.844 | 0.557 |
| Threats (Realistic/Symbolic) (items removed) | 7 | 7 | 3.517 | 1.037 | 0.635 |
| Threat Estimation (Coronavirus) | 6 | 10 | 6.269 | 1.579 | 0.65 |
| Threat Estimation (Climate, Symbolic Material and Safety) | 12 | 10 | 5.431 | 1.349 | 0.797 |
| Populist Attitudes | 10 | 7 | 4.618 | 0.78 | 0.676 |
| Conspiracy Mentality | 6 | 7 | 4.344 | 1.102 | 0.788 |
| Religion vs. Spirituality | 1 | 10 | 3.956 | 2.805 | N/A |
| Religion vs. Spirituality | 1 | 10 | 4.657 | 2.841 | N/A |
| Anger at the Government | 7 | 7 | 3.928 | 1.192 | 0.809 |
| Anger at Transgressors | 4 | 7 | 4.948 | 1.19 | 0.724 |
| Hygiene Measures (General) | 9 | 7 | 5.789 | 0.481 | 0.878 |
| Hygiene Measures (Personal) | 9 | 7 | 4.67 | 1.311 | 0.78 |
| Civil/Privacy rights | 1 | 10 | 4.435 | 2.793 | N/A |
| Civil/Privacy rights | 1 | 10 | 5.477 | 2.913 | N/A |
| Prosocial Behavior | 4 | 7 | 2.405 | 0.478 | 0.832 |
| Moral Reasoning I (Judgment) | 6 | 7 | 4.486 | 1.468 | 0.842 |
| Moral Reasoning II (Reaction) | 5 | 7 | 3.569 | 1.125 | 0.554 |
| Moral Reasoning II (Reaction) (items removed) | 3 | 7 | 3.332 | 1.472 | 0.704 |
| Moral Reasoning III (Values) | 11 | 7 | 5.295 | 0.817 | 0.775 |