
Figure 1
First-time applications for asylum in Germany 2010–2019 (data taken from the reports of the Federal Office for Migration and Refugees [Bundesamt für Migration und Flüchtlinge] from 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020).

Figure 2
ReGES study design (taken from Will et al., 2021).
Table 1
Methodological fact sheet for ReGES sample: Refugee Cohort 1.
| WAVE | MODE AND INFORMATION ON DURATION (M/SD IN MINUTES) | LANGUAGES | GROSS SAMPLE | VALID REALIZED SAMPLE | FIELD PHASE | INCENTIVE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wave 11,2 | Parents:CAPI/CASI (M = 53.6; SD = 29.0)3; Children:TBT (M = 23.7; SD = 11.5) | CAPI/CASI:Arabic, English, Farsi, French, German, Kurmanji, Pashto, Tigrinya;TBT (instruction only):Arabic, English, German, Kurmanji | Gross sample:4,680 addresses; screening;Response Rate 2 = 48.3%; Cooperation Rate 4 = 78.6% | Parents:2,075 (of 2,405 children);Children:2,405 (1,498 with complete competence measurement) | 29/01/2018–30/06/20184 | Parents:20 Euro drugstore voucher (post-paid);Children:Painting book and pens (during interview) |
| Wave 25 | Parents:App-based CAWI (short) (M = 1.9; SD = 1.7) | Arabic, English, Farsi, French, German, Kurmanji, Pashto, Tigrinya | Parents:1,989 (of 2,312 children) | Parents:287 (of 323 children) | 29/01/2018–03/08/20184 | Parents:5 Euro drugstore voucher for app download (prepaid) |
| Wave 3 | Parents:CATI (M = 45.3; SD = 15.6)3 | Arabic, English, German, Kurmanji | Parents:1,935 (of 2,239 children) | Parents:791 (of 887 children) | 27/08/2018–24/11/2018 | Parents:10 Euro drugstore voucher (post-paid) |
| Wave 41 | Parents:CAPI/CASI (M = 53.1; SD = 22.4)3 | Arabic, English, German, Kurmanji | Parents:1,915 (of 2,216 children) | Parents:1,484 (of 1,703 children) | 04/02/2019–31/05/20194 | Parents:20 Euro drugstore voucher (post-paid);Children:Painting book and pens (during interview) |
| Wave 55 | Parents:Online (invitation via App, mail or e-mail; short) (M = 7.6; SD = 3.6) | Arabic, English, Farsi, French, German, Kurmanji, Pashto, Tigrinya | Parents:1,929 (of 2,228 children) | Parents:349 (of 401 children) | 15/04/2019–30/08/20194 | Parents:5 Euro drugstore voucher (post-paid) |
| Wave 6 | Parents:Online (long) (M = 25.2; SD = 9.2) | Arabic, English, German, Kurmanji | Parents:1,852 (of 2,142 children) | Parents:446 (of 522 children) | 04/10/2019–17/11/2019 | Parents:10 Euro drugstore voucher (post-paid) |
| Wave 71,6 | Parents:CAPI/CASI/CAPI-by-phone (M = 59.7; SD = 21.1)3;Children:TBT (M = 31.2; SD = 8.2) | CAPI/CASI/CAPI-by-phone/TBT (instruction only):Arabic, English, German, Kurmanji | Parents:1,848 (of 2,136 children) | Parents:1,053 (of 1,199 children);Children:790 (with complete competence measurement) | 10/02/2020–05/09/2020 | Parents:20 Euro drugstore voucher (post-paid);Children:puzzle block (after competence test) |
[i] Note: Data taken from several field reports (Ruland, Sandbrink, Cohrs, & Hess, 2019, 2020; Ruland, Sandbrink, Cohrs, Weiß, & Hess, 2019; Ruland, Sandbrink, & Hess, 2019a, 2019b; Ruland, Steinwede et al., 2019), the Scientific Use Files, and Heinritz and Will (2021). There are some minor differences between field reports and later data versions due to data cleaning procedures. The Response Rate 2 as well as the Cooperation Rate 4 were calculated according to AAPOR standards (The American Association for Public Opinion Research, 2016). This table is restricted to direct data collection with children and parents. 1 Additional data collected from educational staff in the preschools and schools children were attending at that time (PAPI); field phase deviating from parent/child survey. 2 Additional data collected from staff members in collective accommodation and municipalities (PAPI); field phase deviating from parent/child survey. 3 The information on the duration of the interview refers to the pure interview time and includes neither the screening in Wave 1 nor the contacting phases. 4 The field phases of Waves 1 and 2 as well as Waves 4 and 5 overlap because after the personal interviews the respondents were invited to the online surveys by the interviewers; thus, the respondents were able to carry out these surveys relatively soon after the personal interview. 5 Due to the larger number of languages offered in the questionnaires via App, we included some additional cases that were not eligible for the waves with reduced languages. 6 Design switch due to the Corona pandemic (because household visits had to be cancelled, TBT was no longer possible; for details, see Will et al., 2020).
Table 2
Methodological fact sheet for ReGES sample: Refugee Cohort 2.
| WAVE | MODE AND INFORMATION ON DURATION (M/SD IN MINUTES) | LANGUAGES | GROSS SAMPLE | REALIZED SAMPLE | FIELD PHASE | INCENTIVE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wave 11,2 | Parents:CAPI/CASI (M = 46.8; SD = 25.8)3;Adolescents:CASI/TBT3 (M = 65.5; SD = 32.7) | CAP/CASI:Arabic, English, Farsi, French, German, Kurmanji, Pashto, Tigrinya;TBT (instruction only):Arabic, English, German, Kurmanji | Gross sample: 5,556 addresses screening; Response Rate 2 = 51.2%; Cooperation Rate 4 = 81.5% | Parents:1,499 (of 1,694 adolescents); Adolescents:2,415 (1,351 with complete competence measurement) | 29/01/2018–30/06/20184 | Parents:20 Euro drugstore voucher (post-paid);Adolescents:20 Euro drugstore voucher (post-paid) |
| Wave 25 | Parents/Adolescents:App-based CAWI (short) (parents: M = 16.0; SD = 1.5; adolescents: M = 1.8; SD = 1.5) | Arabic, English, Farsi, French, German, Kurmanji, Pashto, Tigrinya | Parents:1,449 (of 1,632 adolescents);Adolescents:2,273 | Parents:244 (of 271 adolescents);Adolescents:355 | 29/01/2018–03/08/20184 | Parents/Adolescents:5 Euro drugstore voucher for app download (prepaid) |
| Wave 3 | Adolescents:CATI (M = 41.7; SD = 10.9)3 | Arabic, English, German, Kurmanji | Adolescents:2,267 | Adolescents:935 | 27/08/2018–24/11/2018 | Adolescents:10 Euro drugstore voucher (post-paid) |
| Wave 41 | Adolescents:CAPI/CASI (M = 51.1; SD = 21.4)3 | Arabic, English, German, Kurmanji | Adolescents:2,240 | Adolescents:1,769 | 04/02/2019–31/05/20194 | Adolescents:20 Euro drugstore voucher (post-paid) |
| Wave 55 | Parents/Adolescents:Online (invitation via App, mail, or e-mail; short) (parents: M = 8.2; SD = 4.1; adolescents: M = 6.3; SD = 3.2) | Arabic, English, Farsi, French, German, Kurmanji, Pashto, Tigrinya | Parents:1,181 (of 1,249 adolescents);Adolescents:2,190 | Parents:138 (of 204 adolescents);Adolescents:434 | 15/04/2019–30/08/20194 | Parents/Adolescents:5 Euro drugstore voucher (post-paid) |
| Wave 6 | Adolescents:Online (long) (M = 24.6; SD = 10.9) | Arabic, English, German, Kurmanji | Adolescents:2,166 | Adolescents:641 | 04/10/2019–17/11/2019 | Adolescents:10 Euro drugstore voucher (post-paid) |
| Wave 71,6 | Adolescents:CAPI/CASI/CAPI-by-phone/TBT (M = 74.6; SD = 20.9)3 | CAPI/CASI/CAPI-by-phone/TBT (instruction only):Arabic, English, German, Kurmanji | Adolescents:2,114 | Adolescents:1,245 (778 with complete competence measurement) | 10/02/2020–05/09/2020 | Adolescents:20 Euro drugstore voucher (post-paid) |
[i] Note: Data taken from several field reports (Ruland, Sandbrink, Cohrs, & Hess, 2019, 2020; Ruland, Sandbrink, Cohrs, Weiß, & Hess, 2019; Ruland, Sandbrink, & Hess, 2019a, 2019b; Ruland, Steinwede et al., 2019) and Heinritz and Will (2021). The Response Rate 2 as well as the Cooperation Rate 4 were calculated according to AAPOR standards (The American Association for Public Opinion Research, 2016). This table is restricted to direct data collection with adolescents and parents. 1Additonal data collected from educational staff in the (vocational) schools the adolescents attended at that time (PAPI); field phase deviating from adolescent/parent survey. 2Additional data collected from staff members in collective accommodation and municipalities (PAPI); field phase deviating from adolescent/parent survey. 3The information on the duration of the interview refers to the pure interview time and includes neither the screening in Wave 1 nor the contacting phases. 4The field phases of Waves 1 and 2 as well as Waves 4 and 5 overlap because after the personal interviews the respondents were invited to the online surveys by the interviewers; thus, the respondents were able to carry out these surveys relatively soon after the personal interview. 5Due to the larger number of languages offered in the questionnaires via App, we included some additional cases that were not eligible for the waves with reduced languages. 6Design switch due to the Corona pandemic (because household visits had to be cancelled, TBT was no longer possible; for details, see Will et al., 2020).
Table 3
Description of sample in Wave 1: Refugee Cohort 1.
| RELEVANT GROUP OF PEOPLE | VARIABLE | M (SD)/% |
|---|---|---|
| Parent1 | Sex of informant | |
| Male | 78.1% | |
| Female | 21.9% | |
| Age of informant (in years) | 36.8 (6.7) | |
| Country of origin | ||
| Afghanistan | 9.0% | |
| Iraq | 13.2% | |
| Syria | 72.4% | |
| Other | 5.3% | |
| Missing | 0.1% | |
| Highest parental education (HISCED) | ||
| No or primary education | 45.7% | |
| Secondary education | 29.2% | |
| Tertiary education | 23.8% | |
| Missing | 1.3% | |
| Child | Sex | |
| Male | 52.3% | |
| Female | 47.7% | |
| Age at first interview | ||
| 4 years | 19.5% | |
| 5 years | 44.3% | |
| 6 years | 27.7% | |
| Older than 6 years | 8.4% | |
| Care situation | ||
| Preschool attendance | 78.8% | |
| Other types of extrafamilial care (exclusively) | 1.5% | |
| Home care | 18.0% | |
| Missing | 1.8% | |
| Length of stay in Germany (in months) | 28.0 (9.0) |
[i] Note: Percentages that do not add up to 100 are due to rounding. Source: doi:10.5157/ReGES:RC1:SUF:2.0.0. 1 Percentages of parental characteristics refer to parents who took part in the survey and not to the parental characteristics of the children and adolescents in the sample. Because some parents had multiple target children, these values can vary slightly. However, when parents had both Refugee Cohort 1 children and Refugee Cohort 2 children in the sample, their information was included in the description of both Refugee Cohort 1 and Refugee Cohort 2.
Table 4
Description of sample in Wave 1: Refugee Cohort 2.
| RELEVANT GROUP OF PEOPLE | VARIABLE | M (SD)/% |
|---|---|---|
| Parent1 | Sex of informant | |
| Male | 70.5% | |
| Female | 29.6% | |
| Age of informant (in years) | 45.7 (7.9) | |
| Country of origin | ||
| Afghanistan | 8.0% | |
| Iraq | 13.3% | |
| Syria | 73.7% | |
| Other | 4.7% | |
| Missing | 0.2% | |
| Highest parental education (HISCED) | ||
| No or primary education | 43.0% | |
| Secondary education | 30.0% | |
| Tertiary education | 26.4% | |
| Missing | 0.7% | |
| Adolescent | Sex | |
| Male | 55.1% | |
| Female | 44.9% | |
| Age | ||
| 14 years | 14.1% | |
| 15 years | 35.8% | |
| 16 years | 31.8% | |
| 17 years | 18.3% | |
| Educational situation: Type of school attended | ||
| Hauptschule (lower secondary track) | 19.8% | |
| Realschule (intermediate secondary track) | 22.0% | |
| Gymnasium (higher secondary track) | 21.9% | |
| Gesamtschule (integrates all tracks) | 16.8% | |
| Verbundene Haupt- und Realschule (combined lower and intermediate track) | 19.3% | |
| Missing | 0.2% | |
| Length of stay in Germany (in months) | 29.5 (9.1) |
[i] Note: Percentages that do not add up to 100 are due to rounding. Source: doi:10.5157/ReGES:RC2:SUF:2.0.0. 1 Percentages of parental characteristics refer to parents who took part in the survey and not to the parental characteristics of the children and adolescents in the sample. Because some parents had multiple target children, these values can vary slightly. However, when parents had both Refugee Cohort 1 children and Refugee Cohort 2 children in the sample, their information was included in the description of both Refugee Cohort 1 and Refugee Cohort 2.
Table 5
Content of the seven Waves for Refugee Cohorts 1 and 2.
| WAVE | INFORMANT | REFUGEE COHORT 1 | REFUGEE COHORT 2 | MODE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wave 1 | Parents | Socio-economic background Flight history Accommodation history Residence status Migration-specific aspects Refugee-specific aspects Educational decisions Returns to education Educational biography of child Personality of child Motivation of child Familial learning environment | Socio-economic background Flight history Accommodation history Residence status Migration-specific aspects Refugee-specific aspects Educational decisions Returns to education | CAPI/CASI |
| Children/Adolescents | — | Migration-specific aspects Refugee-specific aspects Educational decisions Educational biography Personality Motivation Familial learning environment Returns to education Socio-economic background1 Flight history1 Accommodation history1 | CASI | |
| Children/Adolescents | Competence test: German language (vocabulary and grammar) Basic cognitive functioning | Competence test: German language (vocabulary and grammar) Basic cognitive functioning | TBT | |
| Educational staff | Institutional learning environment Assessments of child2 | Institutional learning environment Assessments of adolescent2 | PAPI | |
| Municipality staff | Regional context information | Regional context information | PAPI | |
| Staff in collective accommodation | Living context information | Living context information | PAPI | |
| Wave 2 | Parents | Subjective perception of societal integration | Subjective perception of societal integration | App-based CAWI |
| Children/Adolescents | — | Subjective perception of societal integration | App-based CAWI | |
| Wave 3 | Parents | Family context Personality Social capital Educational placement of child | — | CATI |
| Children/Adolescents | — | Family context Personality Social capital Educational placement | CATI | |
| Wave 4 | Parents | Accommodation history (update) Residence status (update) Migration-specific aspects Refugee-specific aspects Educational decisions Educational biography of child Personality of child Motivation of child Familial learning environment Returns to education | — | CAPI/CASI |
| Children/Adolescents | — | Accommodation history (update) Residence status (update) Migration-specific aspects Refugee-specific aspects Educational decisions Educational biography Personality Motivation Familial learning environment Returns to education | CAPI/CASI | |
| Educational staff | Institutional learning environment Assessments of child2 | Institutional learning environment Assessments of adolescent2 | PAPI | |
| Wave 5 | Parents | Subjective perception of societal integration | Subjective perception of societal integration | App-based CAWI |
| Children/Adolescents | — | Subjective perception of societal integration | App-based CAWI | |
| Wave 6 | Parents | Educational practices and values Social desirability Personality of child Educational placement of child | — | CAWI |
| Children/Adolescents | — | Educational practices of parents Educational values Social desirability Personality Educational placement | CAWI | |
| Wave 7 | Parents | Accommodation history (update) Residence Status (update) Migration-specific aspects Refugee-specific aspects Educational decisions Educational biography of child Personality of child Motivation of child Familial learning environment Returns to education | — | CAPI/CASI |
| Children/Adolescents | — | Accommodation history (update) Residence status (update) Migration-specific aspects Refugee-specific aspects Educational decisions Educational biography Personality Motivation Familial learning environment Returns to education | CAPI/CASI | |
| Children/Adolescents | Competence test: German language (vocabulary and grammar) Basic cognitive functioning | Competence test: German language (vocabulary and grammar) Basic cognitive functioning | TBT | |
| Educational staff | Institutional learning environment Assessments of child2 | Institutional learning environment Assessments of adolescent2 | PAPI |
[i] Note: 1 Only in case the parents also do not take part in the survey. 2 For example, German skills or behaviour.
