Table 1
Data model.
| FILE NAME | TOPONYM CLASS | REFERENTIAL FRAME | PRIMARY SOURCE ABBREVIATION | PREPROCESSING TASKS | SOURCE TYPE | DATAPOINTS NUMBER | EXTRACTION TYPE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FINAL_romane haiducesti Romania.csv | General Toponyms | literary | HAI-RO | digital data | 519 | Automatic with query & filtering | |
| FINAL_localitati department criminalicesc Moldova.csv | Crime Toponyms | factual | DCM | scanning; OCR | text | 309 | Manual |
| FINAL_calatori straini Romania.csv | Crime Toponyms | factual | Călători_străini | scanning; OCR | text | 103 | AI-assisted & filtering |
| FINAL_calatori straini Romania_rivers_disambiguation_gold sites.csv | Crime Toponyms | factual | Extragere_aur | scanning; OCR | text | 71 | AI-assisted & filtering |
| FINAL_localitati dictionar geografic Romania.csv | Dwelling Toponyms | factual | MDGR | scanning; OCR | text | 26 | Manual |
| FINAL_tezaure monetare austriece harta Jantovanu.csv; FINAL_tezaure monetare harta Jantovanu.csv; FINAL_tezaure monetare otomane harta Jantovan.csv; FINAL_tezaure monetare rusesti harta Jantovanu.csv; FINAL_tezaure monetare Sadagura harta Jantovanu.csv | Money-Hoarding Toponyms | Moneda_Moldova | scanning | map | 72; 103; 122; 79; 24 | Manual | |
| FINAL_hanuri harta 1820 Romania.csv | Inn Toponyms | factual | mosaic-piecing, digital reconstruction | map | 18 | Manual | |
| FINAL_poste harta 1820.csv | Post Stations Toponyms | factual | mosaic-piecing, digital reconstruction | map | 196 | Manual | |
| FINAL_paduri_moldova.csv | Wood/Forest Toponyms | factual | TTM | scanning, OCR | text | 909 | Manual |
| FINAL_paduri_muntenia.csv | Wood/Forest Toponyms | factual | DTRM | scanning, OCR | text | 2,968 | Manual |
| FINAL_paduri_oltenia.csv | Wood/Forest Toponyms | factual | DTRO | scanning, OCR | text | 871 | Manual |
| FINAL_paduri_transilvania.csv | Wood/Forest Toponyms | factual | TTRT | scanning, OCR | text | 477 | Manual |
| FINAL_romania main cities.csv | City Toponyms | factual | OSM | digital data | 63 | Automatic with query |
Figure 1
Flowchart: from primary sources to QGIS integration.
Table 2
Transliteration challenges.
| CHALLENGE | ORIGINAL FORM (CYRILLIC) | TRANSLITERATION(LATIN) | CURRENTLY ROMANIAN TOPONYM |
|---|---|---|---|
| Imprecise rendering in Cyrillic | Потлилои | Potliloi | Podu Iloaiei |
| Rendering in Cyrillic of Hungarian names | Марошъ Вашаргели | Maroș Vașargheli | Târgu-Mureș |
| Rendering in Cyrillic of German names | Елизабетштадъ | Elizabetștad | Dumbrăveni |
| Incompatibility between Cyrillic/Russian naming and current toponym | Пуцени | Puţeni | Valea Mărului |
| ФелВинцъ | FelVinţ (in Hungarian Felvinc) | Unirea (named “Vinţu de Sus” until 1970) | |
| Пискельдъ | Pischeld (in Hungarian Piskolt; in German Pischkolt) | Pişcolţ | |
| Places named with an initial capital letter | K. | Kiskapus | Copșa Mică |
| K. | Unidentified place | On the road between Târgu-Mureș and Sighișoara | |
| Unidentified places | Иллюза | Illiuza | On the road to Bistrița, on the river Tiha Bârgăului |
| Changed roads and routes | The old route = Bucureşti – Copăceni – Pietrele – Giurgiu (~ 84 km on the Russian Map of 1820); Current route = Bucureşti – Călugăreni – Uzunu – Daia – Giurgiu (64 km on OSM) |
Figure 2
Visual Representation of Dataset as Overlapped Layers (1820 Russian Map as Base Layer).
Figure 3
Buffer Analyses of Criminality Hotspots in the Romanian Principalities.