Table 1
Adapted L2 engagement scale and its sources.
| QUESTIONNAIRE ITEM | ITEM CODE | SOURCES |
|---|---|---|
| Behavioral engagement | ||
| When I am in English classes, I listen very carefully. | BE1 | Reeve (2013) |
| I pay attention in English classes. | BE2 | |
| I try hard to do well in English classes. | BE3 | |
| In English classes, I work as hard as I can. | BE4 | |
| When I am in English classes, I participate in class discussions. | BE5 | |
| Cognitive engagement | ||
| Before I begin to study in English classes, I think about what I want to accomplish. | CE1 | Reeve and Tseng (2011); Reeve (2013) |
| When I study in English classes, I try to connect what I am learning with my own experiences. | CE2 | |
| I try to make all the different ideas fit together and make sense when I study in English classes. | CE3 | |
| I create my own examples to help me understand the important content I study in English classes. | CE4 | |
| When what I am working on is challenging to understand in English classes, I adjust my approach to learning the material. | CE5 | |
| As I study in English classes, I keep track of how much I understand, not just if I am getting the correct answers. | CE6 | |
| Emotional engagement | ||
| When I am in English classes, I feel curious about what we are learning. | EE1 | Reeve and Tseng (2011); Reeve (2013) |
| When we work on something in English classes, I feel interested. | EE2 | |
| When I am in English classes, I feel good. | EE3 | |
| I enjoy learning new things in English classes. | EE4 | |
| English classes are fun. | EE5 | |
| Agentic engagement | ||
| During English classes, I express my preferences and opinions. | AE1 | Reeve and Tseng (2011); Reeve (2013) |
| During English classes, I ask questions to help me learn. | AE2 | |
| I let my English teachers know what I am interested in. | AE3 | |
| I tell my English teachers what I need and want. | AE4 | |
| I offer suggestions to my English teachers on how to make classes better. | AE5 |
Table 2
EFA using principal axis factoring with Promax rotation.
| ITEM | FACTOR 1 | FACTOR 2 | FACTOR 3 | FACTOR 4 | UNIQUENESS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CE1 | .927 | .000 | .013 | –.082 | .200 |
| CE3 | .916 | –.025 | –.011 | .001 | .197 |
| CE4 | .883 | –.009 | –.012 | –.002 | .244 |
| CE2 | .853 | –.017 | .014 | .078 | .204 |
| CE5 | .848 | .062 | .011 | –.035 | .232 |
| CE6 | .821 | .047 | .007 | .082 | .190 |
| EE3 | –.024 | .938 | .041 | –.032 | .127 |
| EE5 | –.034 | .904 | –.001 | .038 | .188 |
| EE2 | .022 | .871 | –.018 | –.018 | .252 |
| EE4 | .067 | .846 | .015 | –.007 | .198 |
| EE1 | .034 | .835 | .021 | .022 | .225 |
| BE3 | .024 | –.017 | .928 | –.055 | .180 |
| BE5 | .093 | –.041 | .882 | –.016 | .186 |
| BE1 | –.085 | .041 | .871 | .004 | .272 |
| BE2 | .001 | .048 | .861 | .038 | .170 |
| BE4 | .007 | .019 | .847 | .043 | .217 |
| AE4 | –.036 | –.025 | –.037 | .888 | .290 |
| AE2 | –.005 | –.021 | –.005 | .854 | .295 |
| AE1 | –.020 | .011 | .069 | .834 | .254 |
| AE3 | .024 | .048 | –.037 | .816 | .304 |
| AE5 | .049 | –.007 | .024 | .749 | .386 |
Figure 1
Scree plot displaying the eigenvalues associated with each factor extracted through EFA.
Figure 2
Standardized CFA model.