Table 1
Top-10 TFIDF Bigrams for each YouTube Video in the YouTube Disinformation Corpus.
| id ID | TITLE | SOURCE/DATE | EXAMPLE COMMENT | TOP-10 TFIDF TERMS |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0VSV99PXbbw | Why Trump keeps pushing debunked claim about Haitian immigrants | CNN, 2024b, Sep 14 | Hunter Biden Laptop 2.0 Russia Collusion 2.0 Its all pre-election spin to manipulate voters, and then sometime in January the NYT will put out an article saying that the illegals are in fact eating local wildlife and pets. (@Zio-e5t, 2024, Sep 16) | (‘fake news’, 0.47), (‘elon musk’, 0.09), (‘laura loomer’, 0.08), (‘cnn joke’, 0.08), (‘russia russia’, 0.08),(‘proven true’, 0.07), (‘neo nazi’, 0.06), (‘white supremacist’, 0.05), (‘comment section’, 0.05), (‘blood libel’, 0.04), (‘clown news’, 0.04), (‘cnn communist’, 0.04), (‘news channel’, 0.04), (‘bon appetit’, 0.04), (‘freedom speech’, 0.03) |
| 39voRIZciVI | Springfield mayor responds to JD Vance’s claims about Haitian immigrants | CNN, 2024e, Sep 15 | Another corrupt worthless mayor that is lying out his asssss (@gregc2069, 2024, Oct 17) | (‘dana bash’, 0.33), (‘fake news’, 0.21), (‘rob rue’, 0.13), (‘mayor democrat’, 0.09), (‘bright light’, 0.08), (‘god bless’, 0.06), (‘liar liar’, 0.06), (‘lie lie’, 0.05), (‘free speech’, 0.05), (‘bon appetit’, 0.05) |
| 4IGd0BrrXoI | Trump, Harris face off at the ABC News Presidential Debate | Fox News, 2024a, Sep 10 | Blame Game the Great Narcissist has spoken! The Great Twist & Shout has FAILED ! Our eyes have been opened across the country to see how much America  needs President Trump ! Jesus Christ has preserved Trump for a time such as this! (@sandraschwenn414, 2024, Oct 17) | (‘abc news’, 0.17), (‘taylor swift’, 0.14), (‘david muir’, 0.12), (‘god bless’, 0.1), (‘blah blah’, 0.1), (‘fake news’, 0.09), (‘word salad’, 0.08), (‘lie lie’, 0.08), (‘old man’, 0.08), (‘good job’, 0.07) |
| 6 W0 mzgcDNv | JD Vance claims on Ohio’s Haitian immigrants eating pets debunked | CBS News, 2024a Sep 10 | Ah yes the same people who said they wouldn’t fact check during the debate and then proceeded to do just that, and lie. Why should Americans trust you? (@boodledemic6430, 2024, Oct 16) | (‘fake news’, 0.36), (‘american woman’, 0.34), (‘drug addict’, 0.08), (‘matter fact’, 0.06), (‘russia russia’, 0.06), (‘true watch’, 0.05), (‘front lawn’, 0.05), (‘lie saw’, 0.05), (‘true though’, 0.05), (‘show proof’, 0.04) |
| AuItvjZ1Tro | Missing cat at center of Springfield conspiracy theory found hiding in basement | CNN, 2024f, Sep 20 | What about the other cats that have gone missing. What about the cell phone footage that showed the man grabbing the cat (@JamesBrian-r2b, 2024, Sep 28) | (‘van lathan’, 0.18), (‘fear fear’, 0.15), (‘one cat’, 0.12), (‘neo nazi’, 0.1), (‘fake news’, 0.08), (‘hate crime’, 0.08), (‘white woman’, 0.06), (‘lost cat’, 0.06), (‘shame shame’, 0.06), (‘bottom line’, 0.06) |
| bPbVUxQ7btE | Residents in Springfield, Ohio react to accusations of immigrants abducting and eating pets | WBNS 10TV, 2024, Sep 12 | But ppl still think it’s fake (jessica-db4is, 2024, Sep 18) | (‘go home’, 0.33), (‘back haiti’, 0.18), (‘blah blah’, 0.1), (‘wrong wrong’, 0.07), (‘voo doo’, 0.06), (‘teach children’, 0.05), (‘might eat’, 0.05), (‘born america’, 0.05), (‘learn drive’, 0.05), (‘back came’, 0.04) |
| DPCXxNXraKw | ‘NO DOGS OR CATS’ Haitian immigrant pleads with Trump and Springfield, Ohio residents | LiveNow from FOX, 2024, Sep 18 | Of coarse they deny it. (@saulovernow, 2024, Oct 12)’ | (‘david muir’, 0.44), (‘know haitian’, 0.22), (‘fake news’, 0.22), (‘last night’, 0.12), (‘yeah right’, 0.07), (‘abc news’, 0.06), (‘bird flu’, 0.06), (‘said fake’, 0.06), (‘game warden’, 0.06), (‘make fake’, 0.05) |
| eytlX2OTKPs | Trump falsely claims Haitian migrants are eating pets in Ohio | CBS News, 2024b, Sep 10 | Haitians commonly eat cats in Haiti and can even buy them at the store URL (@Lar-invxib, 2024, Oct 9) | (‘deport deport’, 0.31), (‘send back’, 0.14), (‘fake news’, 0.13), (‘god bless’, 0.1), (‘vote red’, 0.09), (‘follow money’, 0.07), (‘wake america’, 0.06), (‘close border’, 0.06), (‘fight fight’, 0.05), (‘martha vineyard’, 0.05) |
| flRF5OQrURI | Trump amplifies false claims about Haitian immigrants eating pets | ABC News, 2024b, Sep 19 | Isnt it more possible that african immigrants are eating the pets since they cant stop eating bush meat and have been flooding the boarder too? (@bannedintheusa5714, 2024, Sep 25) | (‘fake news’, 0.11), (‘abc news’, 0.1), (‘lie lie’, 0.09), (‘last woman’, 0.04), (‘blah blah’, 0.04), (‘go home’, 0.04), (‘true right’, 0.04), (‘free speech’, 0.04), (‘take video’, 0.03), (‘david muir’, 0.03) |
| GTmdOGut4Gw | Springfield, Ohio, man reported Haitian migrants snatching geese out of park just 2 weeks ago | New York Post, 2024, Sep 11 | how the guy know they are Haitians? they can be local residents too… at least they are not dogs and cats (@AnythingJW, 2024, Sep 26) | (‘fake news’, 0.13), (‘springfield sue’, 0.1), (‘still support’, 0.09), (‘russia russia’, 0.09), (‘hate crime’, 0.07), (‘big fat’, 0.06), (‘dumb dumber’, 0.06), (‘could vote’, 0.06), (‘shame shame’, 0.06), (‘send bill’, 0.06) |
| i0IvIekwz3c | Criminal charges filed by Haitian nonprofit against Trump and JD Vance | WSYX ABC 6, 2024a, Sep 11 | These idiots are going to wind up proving that they in fact did eat geese and cats  but of course by that time the election will be over (@uarbor70, 2024, Sep 29) | (‘send bill’, 0.15), (‘hate crime’, 0.14), (‘fake news’, 0.12), (‘god bless’, 0.09), (‘make pay’, 0.09), (‘springfield sue’, 0.06), (‘roy cohn’, 0.06), (‘drink bleach’, 0.06), (‘full stop’, 0.06), (‘old man’, 0.06) |
| L5Gq1Tc63UE | Springfield resident describes impact of Haitian migrants on community | Fox News, 2024d, Sep 12 | Unbelievable!! I went to Haiti when I was younger and I saw unimaginable things such as toileting in the streets and eating animals! I saw it! It is true! (@laurabellew9040, 2024, Sep 27) | (‘fake news’, 0.44), (‘cnn stop’, 0.07), (‘hey cnn’, 0.06), (‘cnn still’, 0.06), (‘maga moron’, 0.05), (‘lol cnn’, 0.05), (‘usa usa’, 0.05), (‘see cnn’, 0.05), (‘word salad’, 0.05), (‘cnn propaganda’, 0.04) |
| L9FiWz07t2o | Springfield neighbors describe immigrant situation; say they believe pet-snatching story | WSYX ABC News, 2024a, Sep 11 | ‘Dont fuck with cats and dogs. People will find you just like “ Dont fuck with cats” on netflix lol (@arvinstz, 2024, Oct 14)’ | (‘get first’, 0.08), (‘mean right’, 0.08), (‘spoke english’, 0.08), (‘dear springfield’, 0.08), (‘still thing’, 0.08), (‘bring home’, 0.08), (‘dei hire’, 0.08), (‘bad move’, 0.08), (‘logansport indiana’, 0.08), (‘vote evil’, 0.08) |
| LKauI2Gtj4g | JD Vance exposed for knowingly lying about ‘pet-eating’ rumors in Springfield, OH | MSNBC, 2024a, Sep 18 | Vance is a puppet. (@samlott99, 2024, Sep 23) | (‘mlk fought’, 0.1), (‘mlk fight’, 0.09), (‘fake news’, 0.08), (‘go home’, 0.07), (‘random guy’, 0.04), (‘enough enough’, 0.04), (‘send back’, 0.04), (‘back haiti’, 0.03), (‘much easier’, 0.03), (‘got paid’, 0.03) |
| M547oAXe3O4 | ‘You think this is the last cup of B.S.?’: Steele slams Trump campaign for lying about migrants | MSNBC, 2024b, Sep 18 | MAGA REPUBLICAN GRIFTER AND DONALD TRUMP, JD VANCE ARE BOTH ARE DICTATOR RULE UNITED STATES OF TRUMPIZE (@stevenseabrook8003, 2024, Sep 25) | (‘fake news’, 0.47), (‘ohio true’, 0.08), (‘told truth’, 0.07), (‘comment section’, 0.06), (‘facebook hoax’, 0.05), (‘trust bro’, 0.05), (‘abc news’, 0.04), (‘video true’, 0.04), (‘video fact’, 0.04), (‘covid came’, 0.04) |
| mr5Bv-evY9A | Reporter Presses JD Vance About ‘Debunked False Claims’ About Haitians In Springfield, Ohio | Forbes Breaking News, 2024, Sep 23 | Hes a joke! (@sonyahutchins6197, 2024, Oct 13) | (‘fake news’, 0.44), (‘abc news’, 0.34), (‘news abc’, 0.13), (‘freedom speech’, 0.08), (‘fake fake’, 0.07), (‘take note’, 0.06), (‘anti propaganda’, 0.05), (‘listen abc’, 0.05), (‘money money’, 0.05), (‘maga maga’, 0.05) |
| oBCSCrhnfu0 | JD Vance defends amplifying false claims about immigrants | Face the Nation, 2024, Sep 15 | Looks like Face The Nation is a Democrat owned Network Defending KAREN ! VANCE tries to get his point across by the Democrat Narrator keeps interrupting Vance ! (@davidblanchard5252, 2024, Sep 30) | (‘non profit’, 0.43), (‘good luck’, 0.3), (‘go home’, 0.2), (‘free speech’, 0.18), (‘freedom speech’, 0.12) (‘deport deport’, 0.12), (‘back haiti’, 0.12), (‘great news’, 0.11), (‘sue biden’, 0.1), (‘fake news’, 0.1) |
| oITtLIAYln4 | Ohio residents rage at officials over Haitian migrant surge: ‘No vacancy’ | Fox News, 2024b, Sep 12 | Turns out, it was a 64 year old white guy, ha ha ha ah !!!!!!!! (@davidheaslip4413, 2024, Oct 13) | (‘fake news’, 0.12), (‘great nation’, 0.11), (‘dont want’, 0.1), (‘truth social’, 0.08), (‘proven true’, 0.06),(‘great job’, 0.05), (‘media media’, 0.05), (‘tampon tim’, 0.05), (‘blah blah’, 0.04), (‘good job’, 0.04) |
| ra2PLZlP1o0 | Dana Bash and JD Vance clash over baseless claims about Haitian immigrants (Part 1/2) | CNN, 2024c, Sep 15 | This is a garbage interview. You are a garbage reporter. (@amcurella, 2024, Oct 16) | (‘face nation’, 0.34), (‘fake news’, 0.21), (‘made china’, 0.13), (‘good job’, 0.1), (‘great job’, 0.09) (‘minimum wage’, 0.07), (‘bon appetit’, 0.06), (‘fake media’, 0.06), (‘tim walz’, 0.06), (‘silicon valley’, 0.05) |
| Ru34 gTyHKlw | Trump spreads more lies about Springfield, Ohio | CNN, 2024a, Sep 14 | Not legal and not wanted. They are a burden to American society. We want them deported! (danielkim7841, 2024, Sep 15) | (‘deport deport’, 0.29), (‘send back’, 0.27), (‘vote red’, 0.08), (‘god bless’, 0.08), (‘smirk face’, 0.07), (‘back haiti’, 0.07), (‘save act’, 0.06), (‘close border’, 0.06), (‘fake news’, 0.06), (‘back came’, 0.06) |
| si1Tbz1kbzw | JD Vance reacts to Springfield father saying he politicized his son’s death (Part 2/2) | CNN, 2024d, Sep 15 | This has brought to you by Pfizer (@brettschultz5150, 2024, Oct 9) | (‘dana bash’, 0.56), (‘sperm count’, 0.07), (‘dana got’, 0.07), (‘fake news’, 0.07), (‘jim crow’, 0.05), (‘white supremacist’, 0.05), (‘put place’, 0.05), (‘great job’, 0.05), (‘past eight’, 0.05), (‘good job’, 0.04) |
| TQm_EAmLhJw | Springfield, Ohio resident: This is a dystopian nightmare | Fox News, 2024c, Sep 12 | TRUMP 2024  (@WiseUpRiseUp42, 2024, Oct 15) | (‘dana bash’, 0.29), (‘ever thought’, 0.11), (‘half time’, 0.11), (‘job journalist’, 0.11), (‘love fact’, 0.11), (‘stir hate’, 0.11), (‘total bullshit’, 0.11), (‘asylum claim’, 0.11), (‘dana got’, 0.1), (‘mop floor’, 0.1) |
| xc0IkVmiN8o | Haitian community in Springfield, Ohio, under threat after debunked comments | ABC News, 2024a, Sep 16 | ‘ABC is lLYING!! I get real true news from the local people-NOT the dishonest lying bought and paid for fake news media. (@RonaldMacDonald-hd8 gh, 2024, Sep 23) | (‘fake news’, 0.34), (‘abc news’, 0.3), (‘shame abc’, 0.1), (‘back haiti’, 0.09), (‘still job’, 0.09), (‘abc joke’, 0.07), (‘governor said’, 0.06), (‘abc lie’, 0.06), (‘far left’, 0.06), (‘news channel’, 0.06) |