References
- Ackerman, R., & Thompson, V. A. (2017a). Meta-Reasoning: Monitoring and control of thinking and reasoning. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 21, 607–617. DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2017.05.004
- Ackerman, R., & Thompson, V. A. (2017b).
Meta-Reasoning: Shedding metacognitive light on reasoning research . In: Ball, L. J., & Thompson, V. A. (Eds.), The Routledge international handbook of thinking and reasoning, 1–15. Abingdon, Oxford: Routledge. - Alter, A. L. (2013). The benefits of cognitive disfluency. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22, 437–442. DOI: 10.1177/0963721413498894
- Alter, A. L., Oppenheimer, D. M., & Epley, N. (2013). Disfluency prompts analytic thinking—But not always greater accuracy: Response to Thompson et al. (2013). Cognition, 128, 252–255. DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2013.01.006
- Alter, A. L., Oppenheimer, D. M., Epley, N., & Eyre, R. N. (2007). Overcoming intuition: Metacognitive difficulty activates analytic reasoning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 136, 569–576. DOI: 10.1037/0096-3445.136.4.569
- Baguley, T. (2006, July 10). How to calculate simple main effects using generic ANOVA software. Message posted to:
http://psychologicalstatistics.blogspot.co.uk/2006/07/how-to-calculate-simple-main-effects.html . - Ball, L. J., & Stevens, A. (2009). Evidence for a verbally-based analytic component to insight problem solving. In: Taatgen, N., & van Rijn, H. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, 1060–1065. Austin, TX:
Cognitive Science Society . - Banbury, S., & Berry, D. C. (1998). Disruption of office-related tasks by speech and office noise. British Journal of Psychology, 89, 499–517. DOI: 10.1111/j.2044-8295.1998.tb02699.x
- Bjork, R. A., Dunlosky, J., & Kornell, N. (2013). Self-regulated learning: Beliefs, techniques, and illusions. Annual Review of Psychology, 64, 417–444. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143823
- Bless, H., & Schwartz, N. (1999).
Sufficient and necessary conditions in dual-process models: The cased of mood and information processing . In: Chaiken, S., & Trope, Y. (Eds.), Dual-process theories in social psychology, 423–440. London: Guildford Press. - Bowden, E. M., & Jung-Beeman, M. (2003). Normative data for 144 compound remote associate problems. Behavior Research Methods, 35, 634–639. DOI: 10.3758/BF03195543
- Carpenter, S. K., Wilford, M. M., Kornell, N., & Mullaney, K. M. (2013). Appearances can be deceiving: Instructor fluency increases perceptions of learning without increasing actual learning. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 20, 1350–1356. DOI: 10.3758/s13423-013-0442-z
- Chein, J. M., & Weisberg, R. W. (2013). Working memory and insight in verbal problems: Analysis of compound remote associates. Memory & Cognition, 42, 67–83. DOI: 10.3758/s13421-013-0343-4
- Davies, D. R., & Parasuraman, R. (1982). The psychology of vigilance. London: Academic Press.
- Diemand-Yauman, C., Oppenheimer, D. M., & Vaughan, E. B. (2011). Fortune favors the Bold (and the Italicized): Effects of disfluency on educational outcomes. Cognition, 118, 111–115. DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2010.09.012
- Eggemeier, F. T., Crabtree, M. S., & LaPointe, P. A. (1983, October). The effect of delayed report on subjective ratings of mental workload. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting, 27(2), 139–143. Los Angeles, CA:
Sage Publications . DOI: 10.1177/154193128302700205 - Eitel, A., Kühl, T., Scheiter, K., & Gerjets, P. (2014). Disfluency meets cognitive load in multimedia learning: Does harder-to-read mean better-to-understand? Applied Cognitive Psychology, 28, 488–501. DOI: 10.1002/acp.3004
- Engelmann, J. B., Damaraju, E., Padmala, S., & Pessoa, L. (2009). Combined effects of attention and motivation on visual task performance: Transient and sustained motivational effects. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 3, 1–17. DOI: 10.3389/neuro.09.004.2009
- Evans, J. St. B. T. (2007). Hypothetical thinking: Dual processes in reasoning and judgement. Hove, UK: Psychology Press.
- Evans, J. St. B. T., & Stanovich, K. E. (2013a). Dual-process theories of higher cognition: Advancing the debate. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8, 223–241. DOI: 10.1177/1745691612460685
- Evans, J. St. B. T., & Stanovich, K. E. (2013b). Theory and metatheory in the study of dual processing: Reply to comments. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8, 263–271. DOI: 10.1177/1745691613483774
- Eysenck, M. W. (1983).
Incentives . In: Hockey, R. (Ed.), Stress and fatigue in human performance. Chichester, UK: Wiley. - French, M. M., Blood, A., Bright, N. D., Futak, D., Grohmann, M. J., Hasthorpe, A., Tabor, J., et al. (2013). Changing fonts in education: How the benefits vary with ability and dyslexia. The Journal of Educational Research, 106, 301–304. DOI: 10.1080/00220671.2012.736430
- Halin, N. (2016). Distracted while reading? Changing to a hard-to-read font shields against the effects of environmental noise and speech on text memory. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1196. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01196
- Halin, N., Marsh, J. E., Haga, A., Holmgren, M., & Sörqvist, P. (2014). Effects of speech on proofreading: Can task-engagement manipulations shield against distraction? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 20, 69–80. DOI: 10.1037/xap0000002
- Halin, N., Marsh, J. E., Hellman, A., Hellström, I., & Sörqvist, P. (2014). A shield against distraction. Journal of Applied Research in Memory & Cognition, 3, 31–36. DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2014.01.003
- Halin, N., Marsh, J. E., & Sörqvist, P. (2015). Central load reduces peripheral processing: Evidence from incidental memory of background speech. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 56, 607–612. DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12246
- Hernandez, I., & Preston, J. L. (2013). Disfluency disrupts the confirmation bias. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49, 178–182. DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2012.08.010
- Howell, D. C. (2002). Statistical methods for psychology (5th edition). Pacific Grove, CA: Duxberry.
- Hughes, R. W., Hurlstone, M. J., Marsh, J. E., Vachon, F., & Jones, D. M. (2013). Cognitive control of auditory distraction: Impact of task difficulty, foreknowledge, and working memory capacity supports duplex-mechanism account. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance, 39, 539–553. DOI: 10.1037/a0029064
- Jones, D. M., Marsh, J. E., & Hughes, R. W. (2012). Retrieval from memory: Vulnerable or inviolable? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 38, 905–922. DOI: 10.1037/a0026781
- Jones, D. M., Miles, C., & Page, J. (1990). Disruption of proofreading by irrelevant speech: Effects of attention, arousal or memory? Applied Cognitive Psychology, 4, 89–108. DOI: 10.1002/acp.2350040203
- Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, fast and slow. London: Allen Lane.
- Kühl, T., & Eitel, A. (2016). Effects of disfluency on cognitive and metacognitive processes and outcomes. Metacognition & Learning, 11, 1–13. DOI: 10.1007/s11409-016-9154-x
- Lavie, N., & De Fockert, J. W. (2003). Contrasting effects of sensory limits and capacity limits in visual selective attention. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 65, 202–212. DOI: 10.3758/BF03194795
- Lehmann, J., Goussios, C., & Seufert, T. (2016). Working memory capacity and disfluency effect: An aptitude-treatment-interaction study. Metacognition & Learning, 11, 89–105. DOI: 10.1007/s11409-015-9149-z
- Leotti, L. A., & Wager, T. D. (2010). Motivational influences on response inhibition measures. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance, 36, 430–447. DOI: 10.1037/a0016802
- Marsh, J. E., & Campbell, T. A. (2016). Processing complex sounds passing through the rostral brainstem: The new early filter model. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 10. DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00136
- Marsh, J. E., Ljung, R., Jahncke, H., MacCutcheon, D., Pausch, F., & Vachon, F. (2017). Why are background telephone conversations distracting? Unpublished report, Department of Building, Energy & Environmental Engineering, University of Gävle, Gävle, Sweden.
- Marsh, J. E., Sörqvist, P., & Hughes, R. W. (2015). Dynamic cognitive control of irrelevant sound: Increased task engagement attenuates semantic auditory distraction. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance, 41, 1462–1474. DOI: 10.1037/xhp0000060
- Martin, R. C., Wogalter, M. S., & Forlano, J. G. (1988). Reading comprehension in the presence of unattended speech and music. Journal of Memory & Language, 27, 382–398. DOI: 10.1016/0749-596X(88)90063-0
- Mehta, R., Zhu, R., & Cheema, A. (2012). Is noise always bad? Exploring the effects of ambient noise on creative cognition. Journal of Consumer Research, 39, 784–799. DOI: 10.1086/665048
- Meyer, A., Frederick, S., Burnham, T. C., Guevara Pinto, J. D., Boyer, T. W., Ball, L. J., Schuldt, J. P., et al. (2015). Disfluent fonts don’t help people solve math problems. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 144, e16. DOI: 10.1037/xge0000049
- Norman, D. A., & Shallice, T. (1986).
Attention to action: Willed and automatic control of behavior . In: Davidson, R. J., Schwartz, G. E., & Shapiro, D. (Eds.), Consciousness and self-regulation: Advances in research and theory, 4, 1–18. New York: Springer. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-0629-1_1 - Roberts, M., & Russo, R. (1999). A student’s guide to analysis of variance. London: Routledge.
- Rummer, R., Schweppe, J., & Schwede, A. (2016). Fortune is fickle: Null-effects of disfluency on learning outcomes. Metacognition & Learning, 11, 57–70. DOI: 10.1007/s11409-015-9151-5
- Smith, K. A., Huber, D. E., & Vul, E. (2013). Multiply-constrained semantic search in the Remote Associates Test. Cognition, 128, 64–75. DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2013.03.001
- Song, H., & Schwarz, N. (2008). Fluency and the detection of misleading questions: Low processing fluency attenuates the Moses illusion. Social Cognition, 26, 791–799. DOI: 10.1521/soco.2008.26.6.791
- Sörqvist, P., & Marsh, J. E. (2015). How concentration shields against distraction. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 24, 267–272. DOI: 10.1177/0963721415577356
- Sörqvist, P., Stenfelt, S., & Rönnberg, J. (2012). Working memory capacity and visual–verbal cognitive load modulate auditory–sensory gating in the brainstem: Toward a unified view of attention. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 24, 2147–2154. DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00275
- Storm, B. C., & Angello, G. (2010). Overcoming fixation: Creative problem solving and retrieval induced forgetting. Psychological Science, 21, 1263–1265. DOI: 10.1177/0956797610379864
- Sungkhasettee, V. W., Friedman, M. C., & Castel, A. D. (2011). Memory and metamemory for inverted words: Illusions of competency and desirable difficulties. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 18, 973–978. DOI: 10.3758/s13423-011-0114-9
- Thompson, V. A. (2009).
Dual-process theories: A metacognitive perspective . In: Evans, J., & Frankish, K. (Eds.), In two minds: Dual processes and beyond, 171–195. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199230167.003.0008 - Thompson, V. A. (2010).
Towards a metacognitive dual process theory of conditional reasoning . In: Oaksford, M., & Chater, N. (Eds.), Cognition and conditionals: Probability and logic in human thinking, 335–354. Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199233298.003.0018 - Thompson, V. A., Ackerman, R., Sidi, Y., Ball, L. J., Pennycook, G., & Turner, J. A. P. (2013b). The role of answer fluency and perceptual fluency in the monitoring and control of reasoning: Reply to Alter, Oppenheimer, & Epley (2013). Cognition, 128, 256–258. DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2013.03.003
- Thompson, V. A., Therriault, N. H., & Newman, I. R. (2016).
Meta-reasoning: Monitoring and control of reasoning, decision making, and problem solving . In: Macchi, L., Bagassi, M., & Viale, R. (Eds.), Cognitive unconscious and human rationality, 275–299. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. - Thompson, V. A., Turner, J. A. P., Pennycook, G., Ball, L. J., Brack, H., Ophir, Y., & Ackerman, R. (2013a). The role of answer fluency and perceptual fluency as metacognitive cues for initiating analytic thinking. Cognition, 128, 237–251. DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2012.09.012
- Threadgold, E., Marsh, J. E., & Ball, L. J. (2017). Background music stints creativity: Evidence from the Compound Remote Associates task. Unpublished Report, School of Psychology, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK.
- Topolinski, S. (2017).
The sense of coherence: How intuition guides reasoning and thinking . In: Ball, L. J., & Thompson, V. A. (Eds.), The Routledge international handbook of thinking and reasoning, 559–574. Abingdon, Oxford: Routledge. - Wänke, M., & Hansen, J. (2015). Relative processing fluency. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 24, 195–199. DOI: 10.1177/0963721414561766
- Yue, C. L., Castel, A. D., & Bjork, R. A. (2013). When disfluency is—and is not—a desirable difficulty: The influence of typeface clarity on metacognitive judgments and memory. Memory & Cognition, 41, 229–241. DOI: 10.3758/s13421-012-0255-8