Table 1
Overview of the relevant studies and results in terms of LTM benefit of attentional prioritization (with or without taking into account the testing effect in WM).
| STUDY & EXPERIMENT | WM ITEMS | PRIORITY INFORMATION | MEMORY TESTS | LTM COMPARISON (PRIORITIZED VS. …) | LTM BENEFIT | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SET SIZE | PRESENTATION | DURATION (PER ITEM, IN MS) | TYPE | TYPE | TIMING (RELATIVE TO ENCODING) | DURATION + POST DELAY (IN MS) | WM | LTM (E = EXPECTED, U = UNEXPECTED) | (1) REGARDLESS OF TESTING IN WM | (2) BOTH TESTED IN WM | (3) NEITHER TESTED IN WM | |||
| LaRocque et al. (2015) | 2 | 2 | Simultaneous | 1000 | Visual | Retro-cue | After | 500 + 2000 | Recognition | Recognition (U) | Uncued |  | – | ( ) |
| 3 | 2 | Simultaneous | 1000 | Visual | Retro-cue | After | 500 + 2000 | Recognition | Recognition (U) | | – | () | ||
| Reaves et al. (2016) | - | 2 | Simultaneous | 100 | Visual | Retro-cue | After | 200 + 700–1100 | Recognition | Recognition (E) | Neutral-cued | – | | – |
| Strunk et al. (2019) | - | 2 | Simultaneous | 100 | Visual | Retro-cue | After | 200 + 700–1100 | Recognition | Recognition (E) | Neutral-cued | – | | – |
| Hartshorne and Makovski (2019) | 12 | 3 | Simultaneous | 770 | Verbal | Retro-cue | After | 4000 + 0 | Recognition | Recognition (U) | Neutral-cued | – | – | * |
| 13 | 4 | Simultaneous | 770 | Visual | Retro-cue | After | 4000 + 0 | Recognition | Recognition (U) | – | – | * | ||
| Sandry et al. (2020) | 1 | 3 | Sequential | 500 | Verbal | Reward | During | 500 + 500 | Recognition | Free recall (U) | Uncued and Neutral-cued | – |  | |
| Lintz and Johnson (2021) | 2 | 3 | Simultaneous | 750 | Verbal | Retro-cue | After | 1500 + 100 | LDT | Recognition (U) | Uncued | – | – | |
| Chao et al. (2024) | 1 | 2 | Simultaneous | 1000 | Visual | Retro-cue | After | 1000 + 2000 | Recognition | Recognition (E) | Uncued | – | | – |
| 3 | 2 | Simultaneous | 1000 | Visual | Retro-cue | After | 1000 + 2000 | Recognition | Recognition (U) | – | | – | ||
| Jeanneret et al. (2023) | 1 | 4 | Simultaneous | 250 | Visual | Retro-cue | After | 500 + 500 | Recognition | Recognition (U) | Neutral-cued, Uncued | | – | |
| 2a | 4 | Simultaneous | 250 | Visual | Retro-cue | After | 500 + 500 | Recognition | Recognition (U) | | – | | ||
| 2b | 4 | Simultaneous | 250 | Visual | Reward | After | 500 + 500 | Recognition | Recognition (U) | Low reward | | – | – | |
| Atkinson et al. (2024) | 1 | 4 | Sequential | 250 | Visual | Reward | Before | 250 + 250 | Recognition | Recognition (U) | Low reward, Equal reward | | | |
| 2 | 4 | Sequential | 500 | Visual | Reward | Before | 500 + 250 | Recognition | Recognition (U) | | | | ||
| Wang and van Ede (2024) | 2 | 2 | Simultaneous | 250 | Visual | Retro-cue | After | 500 + 1500 | Recognition | Recognition (U) | Uncued and Neutral-cued | – | | * |
| Born and Spitzer (2024) | 2 | 2 | Sequential | 1500 | Visual | Retro-cue | After | 1000 + 4000 | Reproduction | Reproduction (U) | Uncued | | – | – |
[i] Note. WM = working memory, LTM = long-term memory, LDT = lexical decision task. A checkmark ‘’ means statistical evidence for an LTM benefit, ‘’ means no statistical evidence, and ‘()’ refers to a descriptive benefit. *These studies include items that were tested but there was no re-exposure of the items on screen (no-match trials). All studies above the thick black line were included in the meta-analysis.