Table 1
Example sentences for the target word ‘concert’ in each of the expectedness conditions, with the mean cloze (0–1) and surprisal (1–10) scores for the selected set of experimental stimuli.
| CONDITION | SENTENCE | CLOZE SCORE | SURPRISAL SCORE |
|---|---|---|---|
| Expected | While Hannah enjoyed the symphony orchestra’s performance, she was concerned about the fact that her ears were still ringing from last night’s concert. | 0.672 (SD = 0.261) | 1.791 (SD = 0.78) |
| Neutral | To protect her hearing, Hannah decided to buy a pair of high-quality earplugs to wear at the annual concert. | 0.125 (SD = 0.161) | 3.3 (SD = 1.49) |
| Unexpected | Each Bonfire Night, Hannah is concerned about the ear-piercing bangs caused by the spectacular concert. | 0.007 (SD = 0.029) | 6.382 (SD = 1.9) |
Figure 1
Schematic of the procedure for Experiment 1. Exposure phase and relatedness judgement were separated by a 10-minute clip of “Shaun the Sheep”.
Figure 2
Accuracy (left) and reaction times (right) in the relatedness judgement task (Exp. 1). White dots represent the mean, while horizontal black bars represent the median for each condition. The black boxplots indicate the interquartile range and the density functions represent the distribution of participant means, with individual scores shaded in grey.
Figure 3
Rate of correct responses (RCR) for the relatedness judgement task (Exp. 1). White dots represent the mean, while horizontal black bars represent the median for each condition. The black boxplots indicate the interquartile range and the density functions represent the distribution of participant means, with individual scores shaded in grey.
Figure 4
Rate of correct responses (RCR) in the relatedness judgement task (Exp. 2). White dots represent the mean, while horizontal black bars represent the median for each condition. The black box plots indicate the interquartile range and the density functions represent the distribution of participant means, with individual scores shaded in grey.
Figure 5
Mean accuracy and reaction times in the relatedness judgement task (Exp. 2). White dots represent the mean, while horizontal black bars represent the median for each condition. The black box plots indicate the interquartile range and the density functions represent the distribution of participant means, with individual scores shaded in grey.
Figure 6
Accuracy in the old/new recognition task (left) and the cued recall task (right) in Exp. 4. White dots represent the mean, while horizontal black bars represent the median for each condition. The black boxplots indicate the interquartile range and the density functions represent the distribution of participant means, with individual scores shaded in grey.