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The Impact of Foreign Language on Meta-Reasoning in Moral Decisions Cover

The Impact of Foreign Language on Meta-Reasoning in Moral Decisions

Open Access
|Jan 2026

Figures & Tables

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Figure 1

Experimental procedure for a single trial for the Decision-Redecision Paradigm.

Table 1

Demographic and linguistic background of the participant pool in Study 1.

MEANSD
Age32.839.10
Age of Acquisition of FL6.776.31
NL proficiency (7 = highest)6.990.12
FL proficiency (7 = highest)5.531.13
FL exposure (7 = highest)5.351.70
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Figure 2

Interaction of Language and Dilemma on Decision with bars showing raw proportions and lines showing model-predicted probabilities with 95% CIs.

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Figure 3

Interaction of Language and Dilemma on Decision Reversal with bars showing raw proportions and lines showing model-predicted probabilities with 95% CIs.

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Figure 4

Interaction of Language and Dilemma on Decision Time with violins showing raw data distribution and lines showing model-predicted means with 95% CIs.

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Figure 5

Interaction of Language and Dilemma on FOR with violins showing raw data distribution and lines showing model-predicted means with 95% CIs.

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Figure 6

Correlation between FOR and Redecision Time showing Raw data with fitted line from Gamma GLM and 95% CIs.

Table 2

Demographic and linguistic background of the participant pool in Study 2.

MEANSD
Age30.728.74
Age of Acquisition of FL6.646.26
NL proficiency (7 = highest)6.950.22
FL proficiency (7 = highest)5.411.12
FL exposure (7 = highest)5.671.47
joc-9-1-472-g7.png
Figure 7

(A) The effect of Language on FOR with violins showing raw data distribution and lines showing model-predicted means with 95% Cis; (B) The effect of RP (relative proficiency) on FOR with jitters showing raw data points and model-predicted fitted line with 95% CIs.

joc-9-1-472-g8.png
Figure 8

Correlation between FOR and Redecision Time showing raw data points with fitted line from Gamma GLM and 95% CIs.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/joc.472 | Journal eISSN: 2514-4820
Language: English
Submitted on: Feb 23, 2024
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Accepted on: Nov 19, 2025
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Published on: Jan 7, 2026
Published by: Ubiquity Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

© 2026 Zhimin Hu, Beatriz Martín-Luengo, Eduardo Navarrete, published by Ubiquity Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.