Table 1
Training assignment of participants.
| TRAINING GROUP | N | AGES (IN YEARS) | GENDER MALE (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Inhibition | 19 | 8.84 | 42.11 |
| Context Monitoring | 21 | 8.37 | 55.00 |
| Response speed | 20 | 8.71 | 47.62 |
Figure 1
Changes in measures as a function of training in the response inhibition group.
Note: Dotted and coloured lines indicate individual participant changes in the respective indices. Thick black line indicates average change over the weeks over all participants.
Figure 2
Changes in measures as a function of training in the context monitoring group.
Note: Dotted and coloured lines indicate individual participant changes in the respective indices. Thick black line indicates average change over the weeks over all participants.
Figure 3
Changes in measures as a function of training in the context monitoring group.
Note: Dotted lines indicate individual participant changes in the respective indices Thick black line indicates average change over the weeks over all participants.
Figure 4
Correlations between measures of interest have been shown.
Table 2
Results from Mixed ANOVA examining mean SSRT.
| PREDICTOR | DFNUM | DFDEN | F | P | η2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Intercept) | 1 | 54 | 609.34 | .000 | 0.92 |
| Group | 2 | 54 | 0.34 | .713 | 0.011 |
| Timepoint | 1 | 54 | 0.11 | .742 | 0.00 |
| Group × Timepoint | 2 | 54 | 5.18 | .009 | 0.16 |
Table 3
Results from Mixed ANOVA examining mean SSD.
| PREDICTOR | DFNUM | DFDEN | F | P | η2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Intercept) | 1 | 54 | 399.31 | .000 | 0.88 |
| Group | 2 | 54 | 3.52 | .037 | 0.12 |
| Timepoint | 1 | 54 | 3.97 | .051 | 0.07 |
| Group × Timepoint | 2 | 54 | 5.68 | .006 | 0.17 |
Table 4
Results from Mixed ANOVA examining correct inhibitions (%).
| PREDICTOR | DFNUM | DFDEN | F | P | η2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Intercept) | 1 | 54 | 1643.12 | .000 | 0.97 |
| Group | 2 | 54 | 1.11 | .336 | 0.04 |
| Timepoint | 1 | 54 | 2.49 | .121 | 0.04 |
| Group × Timepoint | 2 | 54 | 3.83 | .028 | 0.12 |
Figure 5
Pre-post test changes of mean SSRT, SSD, correct percentage inhibitions and proactive control (%) in all three groups.
Table 5
Results from Mixed ANOVA examining proactive control score (s) based on reaction times.
| PREDICTOR | DFNUM | DFDEN | F | P | η2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Intercept) | 1 | 53 | 17.37 | .586 | 0.25 |
| Group | 2 | 53 | 1.75 | .407 | 0.06 |
| Timepoint | 1 | 53 | 0.58 | .647 | 0.01 |
| Group × Timepoint | 2 | 53 | 0.75 | .241 | 0.03 |
Table 6
Results from Mixed ANOVA examining proactive control score (%) based on error rates.
| PREDICTOR | DFNUM | DFDEN | F | P | η2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Intercept) | 1 | 53 | 4.37 | .887 | 0.08 |
| Group | 2 | 53 | 2.31 | .188 | 0.08 |
| Timepoint | 1 | 53 | 2.49 | .211 | 0.04 |
| Group × Timepoint | 2 | 53 | 2.93 | .064 | 0.10 |
Table 7
Comparisons from independent t-tests of response inhibition and context monitoring groups based on pre-post changes in cognitive control indices.
| RESPONSE INHIBITION GROUP | CONTEXT MONITORING GROUP | RESPONSE SPEED GROUP | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | ||||
| PRE-TEST | POST-TEST | PRE-TEST | POST-TEST | PRE-TEST | POST-TEST | |
| mean SSRT (s) | 0.24 (0.07) | 0.20 (0.07) | 0.22 (0.08) | 0.27 (0.10) | 0.24 (0.07) | 0.23 (0.08) |
| mean SSD (s) | 0.24 (0.12) | 0.35 (0.09) | 0.25 (0.14) | 0.26 (0.11) | 0.22 (0.13) | 0.20 (0.09) |
| Correct inhibitions (%) | 0.51 (0.12) | 0.60 (0.09) | 0.53 (0.16) | 0.53 (0.10) | 0.51 (0.14) | 0.50 (0.08) |
| Proactive control (%) | –0.07 (0.21) | 0.04 (0.13) | 0.07 (0.22) | 0.02 (0.19) | 0.05 (0.14) | 0.13 (0.16) |
Table 8
Comparisons from independent t-tests of response inhibition and context monitoring groups based on pre-post changes in cognitive control indices.
| RESPONSE INHIBITION GROUP | CONTEXT MONITORING GROUP | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| M (SD) | M (SD) | t-STATISTIC | p-VALUE | |
| mean SSRT (s) | –0.05 (0.09) | 0.06 (0.12) | –3.03 | .004 |
| mean SSD (s) | 0.11 (0.03) | 0.01 (0.11) | 2.48 | .018 |
| Correct inhibitions (%) | 0.09 (0.13) | –.00 (0.12) | 2.43 | .020 |
| Proactive control (%) | 0.12 (0.19) | –0.06 (0.26) | 2.31 | .027 |
[i] Note: Decrease in mean SSRT indicated increase in cognitive control. Increases in mean SSD, correct inhibitions and proactive control scores indicated increase in cognitive control.