Figure 1
Possible prime-probe sequences after erroneous prime responses.
Note: Case (1) Correct response repetitions: The correct response of the prime is also the correct response in the probe. Case (2) Error repetition: The actual (erroneous) response of the prime becomes the correct response in the probe. Case (3) Unrelated response sequence: The probe response corresponds neither to the actual (erroneous) prime response, nor to the correct prime response, but corresponds to the remaining third response. Predicted stimulus repetition effects (SRE; word change – word repetition) are listed in the right-most column: goal-based binding and retrieval predicts interference for response sequences (2) and (3), but facilitation for sequence type (1); coactivation-based binding and retrieval predicts facilitation for sequence type (2), and interference in sequences (1) and (3). The contrast of stimulus repetition effects for (3) and (1) is a pure indicator of goal-based binding and retrieval, the contrast of stimulus repetition effects for (2) and (3) is a pure indicator of coactivation-based binding and retrieval.
Figure 2
Trial procedure in experimental blocks.
Note: Every trial started with the fixation cross, followed by the distractor word in white (during which period participants were not allowed to respond), the word then changed to one of the 3 target colours (here, the participant could respond). If the response deadline (RD) elapsed without a response, the word turned to white again, until response. Next, participants were shown a blank screen (ITI: inter-trial interval), followed by the next trial sequence.
Figure 3
Overview of the results.
Note: Mean response times (RTs; top) and error rates (bottom) for the analysis of binding and retrieval effects in probe trials after correct responses (left panels) and erroneous responses (right panels). Data are plotted as a function of distractor word relation (repetition vs. change) and response sequence (correct primes: response repetition vs. change; erroneous primes: repetition of the correct response, repetition of the erroneous response, unrelated response).