Figure 1
Schematic of the DIVA model (adapted from Guenther, 2016). The inset shows the calculations within the auditory feedback controller. AT = Auditory Target; MT = Motor Target; ST = Somatosensory Target; ṀA and ṀS = corrective movement commands from auditory and sensory routes, respectively; ṀFF = feedforward movement command; Ṁ = overall movement command. M = motor position command; αA = gain factor.
Figure 2
Schematic of the HSFC model (adapted from Hickok, 2012). The internal monitoring loop operates via connections between motor programs and perceptual targets (AT and ST) mediated by the coordinate transform system. Note the direction of the connections in bold: connections from perceptual to motor representations are excitatory (filled circles), while the connections from motor to perceptual representations are inhibitory (empty circles).
Figure 3
The N2 in language production (Cz is shown). a) Production of the target (e.g., “cat”) in the presence of an unrelated competitor (e.g., “pen”) vs. in the presence of a semantically related competitor (e.g., “dog”). b) Production of the target from the target picture vs. from the picture of a different item. In both cases, the black line represents the condition that led to behavioral interference, but this interference cannot be predicted from the direction of change to the N2.