Table 1
Reported post-traumatic stress (PTSD) symptoms across educational levels in participants reporting any or no negative acts at the workplace (N = 563).
| Negative acts at the workplace | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Any | None | |||||
| n (%) | PTSD symptoms (95% CI) | SOC mean score | n (%) | PTSD symptoms (95% CI) | SOC mean score | |
| Low educational level | ||||||
| All | 230 (83) | 17.26* (14.90; 19.62) | 76.82 | 47 (17) | 4.86 (2.40; 7.32) | 80.53 |
| Gender | ||||||
| Women | 126 (55) | 20.28 (16.86; 23.70) | 29 (62) | 5.38 (1.73; 9.02) | ||
| Men | 104 (45) | 13.60 (10.51; 16.68) | 18 (38) | 4.03 (0.98; 7.07) | ||
| Medium educational level | ||||||
| All | 162 (87) | 17.33* (14.49; 20.17) | 80.26 | 25 (13) | 7.65 (1.14 – 14.16) | 83.44 |
| Gender | ||||||
| Women | 121 (75) | 18.50 (15.15; 21.85) | 20 (80) | 8.48 (0.43; 16.53) | ||
| Men | 41 (25) | 13.87 (8.44; 19.31) | 5 (20) | 4.32 (6.17; 14.80) | ||
| High educational level | ||||||
| All | 91 (92) | 17.12* (13.59; 20.65) | 82.19 | 8 (8) | 1.42 (0.78; 3.62) | 87.15 |
| Gender | ||||||
| Women | 50 (55) | 20.34 (14.85; 25.83) | 2 (25) | 2.84 (33.26; 38.94) | ||
| Men | 41 (45) | 13.20 (9.19; 17.22) | 6 (75) | 1.42 (1.49; 3.38) | ||
[i] Note. *Analysis of Variance test comparing post-traumatic stress (PTSD) symptoms across educational levels when reporting negative acts: F(2,480) = 0, p = 0.996.
Table 2
Reported post-traumatic stress (PTSD) symptoms across educational levels in participants reporting being bullied and not bullied at the workplace (N = 552).
| Self-labelled workplace bullying | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | No | |||||
| n (%) | PTSD symptoms (95% CI) | SOC mean score | n (%) | PTSD symptoms (95% CI) | SOC mean score | |
| Low educational level | ||||||
| All | 87 (32) | 24.51* (20.43; 28.57) | 71.63 | 185 (68) | 10.52 (8.37; 12.67) | 80.08 |
| Gender | ||||||
| Women | 44 (51) | 30.39 (24.35; 36.43) | 109 (59) | 11.88 (8.93; 14.83) | ||
| Men | 43 (49) | 18.47 (13.43; 23.51) | 76 (41) | 8.57 (5.46; 11.67) | ||
| Medium educational level | ||||||
| All | 44 (24) | 28.55* (22.40; 34.70) | 78.35 | 139 (76) | 12.08 (9.42; 14.74) | 81.53 |
| Gender | ||||||
| Women | 33 (75) | 29.41 (22.47; 36.36) | 105 (76) | 13.20 (9.95; 16.45) | ||
| Men | 11 (25) | 25.96 (10.64; 41.27) | 34 (24) | 8.63 (4.39; 12.86) | ||
| High educational level | ||||||
| All | 28 (29) | 29.88* (22.25; 35.52) | 80.95 | 69 (71) | 10.96 (7.63; 14.29) | 83.31 |
| Gender | ||||||
| Women | 18 (64) | 33.44 (24.15; 42.73) | 34 (49) | 12.37 (7.03; 17.71) | ||
| Men | 10 (36) | 20.68 (13.41; 27.95) | 35 (51) | 9.59 (5.34; 13.84) | ||
[i] Note. *Analysis of Variance test comparing post-traumatic stress (PTSD) symptoms across educational levels when reporting bullying: F(2,156) = 0.95, p = .390.
Table 3
Post-traumatic stress (PTSD) symptoms among participants reporting negative acts and bullying at the workplace.
| PTSD symptoms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Exposure | β* | 95% CI | p-value** |
| Work-related negative acts | 0.84 | 0.72; 0.95 | p < .001 |
| Person-related negative acts | 1.00 | 0.88; 1.13 | p < .001 |
| Self-labelled bullying | 15.24 | 12.24; 18.25 | p < .001 |
[i] Note. *β represents the slope in post-traumatic stress (PTSD) symptoms for every unit increase/decrease in work – and person-related negative acts. For self-labelled bullying, the β represents the difference in PTSD symptoms between bullied and non-bullied. **Analysis of Variance test comparing PTSD symptoms in the groups reporting work-related negative acts, person-related negative acts and bullying respectively.
Table 4
Post-traumatic stress (PTSD) symptoms among educational groups reporting negative acts and bullying at the workplace. Adjusted for gender, age and Sense of Coherence.
| PTSD symptoms | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exposure | Educational level | β* | β difference** | 95% CI | p-value*** |
| Work-related negative acts | Low | 0.72 | .24 | 0.59; .12 | p = .192 |
| Medium | 0.82 | .14 | 0.53; .25 | p = .477 | |
| High | 0.96 | 0 | – | – | |
| Person-related negative acts | Low | 0.87 | .13 | .47; .21 | p = .444 |
| Medium | 1.13 | .13 | .27; 0.52 | p = 0.536 | |
| High | 1.01 | 0 | – | – | |
| Self-labelled bullying | Low | – | 4.97 | 12.96; 3.02 | p = .222 |
| Medium | – | 1.42 | 10.09; 7.25 | p = 0.748 | |
| High | – | 0 | – | – | |
[i] Note. *β represents the slope in post-traumatic stress (PTSD) symptoms for every unit increase/decrease in work- and person-related negative acts. For self-labelled bullying, the β represents the difference in PTSD symptoms between bullied and non-bullied. **β difference represents the differences in PTSD symptoms between low and high educational level. ***p-value represents the probability of finding no β differences in PTSD symptoms between low and high educational level.