Table 1
Examples of the study conditions.
| prime | ambiguous unit (homograph) | target | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Context congruent | money | bank | coin |
| Context incongruent | money | bank | duck |
| Non-prime | money | bank | cake |
| Non-word legit | money | bank | loqib |
| Non-word random | money | bank | lwqbp |
[i] Note. For a better understanding, the examples are not in the German language; the stimuli used were in German. Bank has the two dominant meanings of a financial institution and a resting place (bench).
Table 2
Means and standard deviations of the number of co-occurrences, word length, frequency and syllable of primes and targets for the conditions context congruent, context incongruent and non-prime.
| Congruent | Incongruent | Non-prime | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | |
| Primes | ||||||
| Co-occurrences | 16.566 | 6.207 | 10.600 | 5.642 | 14.400 | 8.548 |
| Word length | 5.967 | 1.160 | 6.267 | 1.507 | 6.267 | 0.935 |
| Frequency | 11.233 | 2.107 | 12.267 | 2.107 | 12.533 | 2.240 |
| Syllable | 2.100 | 0.662 | 2.067 | 0.583 | 2.000 | 0.643 |
| Homographs | ||||||
| Co-occurrences | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Word length | 5.533 | 1.391 | 5.267 | 1.391 | 5.233 | 1.455 |
| Frequency | 11.200 | 2.326 | 10.567 | 2.326 | 11.033 | 2.326 |
| Syllable | 1.633 | 0.556 | 1.667 | 0.479 | 1.667 | 0.479 |
| Targets | ||||||
| Co-occurrences | 16.533 | 8.299 | 14.067 | 7.455 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Word length | 6.200 | 0.887 | 6.200 | 0.961 | 6.200 | 0.761 |
| Frequency | 12.033 | 1.027 | 12.067 | 1.027 | 12.033 | 1.129 |
| Syllable | 2.100 | 0.403 | 2.133 | 0.571 | 2.133 | 0.507 |
[i] Note. Context congruent, incongruent, and non-prime conditions had 30 trials each. Hyphens indicate a non-determinable number (homographs number of co-occurrences with the homograph).
Table 3
Means and standard deviations of the number of co-occurrences, word length, frequency and syllable of primes and targets for both non-word conditions.
| Non-word orthographically legit | Non-word random strings | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | SD | M | SD | |
| Primes | ||||
| Co-occurrences | 6.778 | 13.628 | 8.067 | 11.529 |
| Word length | 5.733 | 1.684 | 5.755 | 1.171 |
| Frequency | 11.222 | 3.323 | 11.289 | 3.293 |
| Syllable | 1.800 | 0.757 | 1.867 | 0.548 |
| Homonyms | ||||
| Co-occurrences | – | – | – | – |
| Word length | 5.467 | 1.254 | 5.800 | 1.307 |
| Frequency | 10.600 | 2.490 | 10.533 | 2.332 |
| Syllable | 1.800 | 0.694 | 1.778 | 0.599 |
| Targets | ||||
| Co-occurrences | – | – | – | – |
| Word length | 6.178 | 0.778 | 6.267 | 0.986 |
| Frequency | – | – | – | – |
| Syllable | 2.267 | 0.618 | – | – |
[i] Note. The non-word condition had 45 orthographically legit and 45 orthographically non legit words. Hyphens indicate a non-determinable number (e.g., frequency or co-occurrence of a non-word).
Figure 1
Overview of the procedure.
Table 4
Statistics of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests for each condition for reaction times and error rates.
| Conditions | Reaction time | Error rate | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Test-statistic d | df | p | Test-statistic d | df | p | |
| Context congruent | .123 | 25 | .200 | .282** | 25 | .001 |
| Context incongruent | .149 | 25 | .157 | .200* | 25 | .010 |
| Non-prime | .150 | 25 | .150 | .198* | 25 | .027 |
| Non-word legit | .138 | 25 | .200 | .229*** | 25 | <.001 |
| Non-word random | .127 | 25 | .200 | .373*** | 25 | <.001 |
[i] Note. Level of significance: α = .05. p < .05*, p < .01**, p < .001***. Abbreviations: df = degrees of freedom, p = level of probability of more extreme values of the test-statistic.
Table 5
Means, standard deviations and standard error of reaction times in milliseconds and error rates in percent.
| Conditions | Reaction time | Error rate | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | SD | SE | M | SD | SE | |
| Context congruent | 461.774 | 122.462 | 24.492 | 3.556 | 3.292 | 0.658 |
| Context incongruent | 482.272 | 142.748 | 28.549 | 5.143 | 4.384 | 0.878 |
| Non-prime | 554.868 | 194.969 | 38.993 | 6.857 | 5.249 | 1.050 |
| Non-word legit | 532.547 | 145.608 | 29.121 | 3.238 | 3.819 | 0.764 |
| Non-word random | 428.185 | 85.241 | 17.048 | 1.091 | 1.751 | 0.350 |
[i] Note. All reaction times are measured in milliseconds and error rates in percent. Abbreviations: M = mean; SD = standard deviation, SE = standard error.
Figure 2
Mean reaction times for context congruent, context incongruent, non-prime and the two non-word conditions. Error bars represent one standard error. p < .05*, p < .01**, p < .001***.
Figure 3
Mean error rates in percent for context congruent, context incongruent, non-prime and the two non-word conditions. Error bars represent one standard error. p < .05*, p < .01**, p < .001***.