References
- Abutalebi J. Canini M. Della Rosa P. A. Green D. W. Weekes B. S. The neuroprotective effects of bilingualism upon the inferior parietal lobule: a structural neuroimaging study in aging Chinese bilinguals Journal of Neurolinguistics 2015 33 3 13 10.1016/j.jneuroling.2014.09.008
- Abutalebi J. Guidi L. Borsa V. Canini M. Della Rosa P. A. Parris B. A. Weekes B. S. Bilingualism provides a neural reserve for aging populations Neuropsychologia 2015 69 201 210 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.01.040
- Alladi S. Bak T. H. Duggirala V. Surampudi B. Shailaja M. Shukla A. K. Kaul S. Bilingualism delays age at onset of dementia, independent of education and immigration status Neurology 2013 81 22 1938 1944 10.1212/01.wnl.0000436620.33155.a4
-
Alzheimer’s Society
What is frontotemporal dementia?
2013
Retrieved from
https://www.alzheimers.org.uk/site/scripts/documents_info.php?documentID=167 -
Alzheimer’s Society
What is Alzheimer’s disease?
2014a
Retrieved from
https://www.alzheimers.org.uk/site/scripts/documents_info.php?documentID=100 -
Alzheimer’s Society
What is vascular dementia?
2014b
Retrieved from
https://www.alzheimers.org.uk/site/scripts/documents_info.php?documentID=161&categoryID=200465 - American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 2013 5th ed. Washington, DC American Psychiatric Publishing
- Andel R. Crowe M. Pedersen N. L. Mortimer J. Crimmins E. Johansson B. Gatz M. Complexity of work and risk of Alzheimer’s disease: a population-based study of Swedish twins The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 2005 60 5 251 258 10.1093/geronb/60.5.P251
- Antoniou M. Gunasekera G. M. Wong P. C. Foreign language training as cognitive therapy for age-related cognitive decline: A hypothesis for future research Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 2013 37 10 2689 2698 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.09.004
- Bennett D. A. Wilson R. S. Schneider J. A. Evans D. A. De Leon C. M. Arnold S. E. Bienias J. L. Education modifies the relation of AD pathology to level of cognitive function in older persons Neurology 2003 60 12 1909 1915 10.1212/01.WNL.0000069923.64550.9F
- Bialystok E. Reshaping the mind: the benefits of bilingualism Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology 2011 65 4 229 235 10.1037/a0025406
- Bialystok E. Craik F. I. Freedman M. Bilingualism as a protection against the onset of symptoms of dementia Neuropsychologia 2007 45 2 459 464 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.10.009
- Bialystok E. Craik F. I. Luk G. Bilingualism: consequences for mind and brain Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2012 16 4 240 250 10.1016/j.tics.2012.03.001
- Chertkow H. Whitehead V. Phillips N. Wolfson C. Atherton J. Bergman H. Multilingualism (but not always bilingualism) delays the onset of Alzheimer disease: evidence from a bilingual community Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders 2010 24 2 118 125 10.1097/WAD.0b013e3181ca1221
- Craik F. I. Bialystok E. Freedman M. Delaying the onset of Alzheimer disease Bilingualism as a form of cognitive reserve Neurology 2010 75 19 1726 1729 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181fc2a1c
- Gold B. T. Lifelong bilingualism and neural reserve against Alzheimer’s disease: A review of findings and potential mechanisms Behavioural Brain Research 2015 281 9 15 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.12.006
- Gollan T. H. Salmon D. P. Montoya R. I. Galasko D. R. Degree of bilingualism predicts age of diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease in low-education but not in highly educated Hispanics Neuropsychologia 2011 49 14 3826 3830 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.09.041
- Guzmán-Vélez E. Tranel D. Does bilingualism contribute to cognitive reserve? Cognitive and neural perspectives Neuropsychology 2015 29 1 139 150 10.1037/neu0000105
- Kaushanskaya M. Prior A. Variability in the effects of bilingualism on cognition: It is not just about cognition, it is also about bilingualism Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 2015 18 1 27 28 10.1017/S1366728914000510
- Kavé G. Eyal N. Shorek A. Cohen-Mansfield J. Multilingualism and cognitive state in the oldest old Psychology and aging 2008 23 1 70 78 10.1037/0882-7974.23.1.70
- Lawton D. M. Gasquoine P. G. Weimer A. A. Age of dementia diagnosis in community dwelling bilingual and monolingual Hispanic Americans Cortex 2015 66 141 145 10.1016/j.cortex.2014.11.017
- Machado A. Herrera A. J. de Pablos R. M. Espinosa-Oliva A. M. Sarmiento M. Ayala A. Cano J. Chronic stress as a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease Reviews in the Neurosciences 2014 25 6 785 804 10.1515/revneuro-2014-0035
- Meng X. D’Arcy C. Education and dementia in the context of the cognitive reserve hypothesis: a systematic review with meta-analyses and qualitative analyses PLoS One 2012 7 6 e38268 10.1371/journal.pone.0038268
- Mohanty A. K. Bilingualism in Multilingual Society: Psychosocial and Pedagogical Implications 1994 Mysore, India Central Institute of Indian Languages
- Nithianantharajah J. Hannan A. J. The neurobiology of brain and cognitive reserve: mental and physical activity as modulators of brain disorders Progress in Neurobiology 2009 89 4 369 382 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2009.10.001
- Ott A. Breteler M. M. Van Harskamp F. Claus J. J. Van Der Cammen T. J. Grobbee D. E. Hofman A. Prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia: association with education. The Rotterdam study Bmj 1995 310 6985 970 973 10.1136/bmj.310.6985.970
- Paap K. R. Greenberg Z. I. There is no coherent evidence for a bilingual advantage in executive processing Cognitive Psychology 2013 66 2 232 258 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2012.12.002
- Perani D. Abutalebi J. Bilingualism, dementia, cognitive and neural reserve Current Opinion in Neurology 2015 28 6 618 625 10.1097/WCO.0000000000000267
- Price J. L. Morris J. C. Tangles and plaques in nondemented aging and “preclinical” Alzheimer’s disease Annals of Neurology 1999 45 3 358 368 10.1002/1531-8249(199903)45:3<;358::AID-ANA12>3.0.CO;2-X
- Roberts R. O. Petersen R. C. Predictors of early-onset cognitive impairment Brain 2014 137 5 1280 1281 10.1093/brain/awu089
- Sattler C. Toro P. Schönknecht P. Schröder J. Cognitive activity, education and socioeconomic status as preventive factors for mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer‘s disease Psychiatry Research 2012 196 1 90 95 10.1016/j.psychres.2011.11.012
- Stern Y. What is cognitive reserve? Theory and research application of the reserve concept Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 2002 8 03 448 460 10.1017/S1355617702813248
- Stern Y. Cognitive reserve Neuropsychologia 2009 47 10 2015 2028 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.03.004
- Valenzuela M. J. Sachdev P. Brain reserve and dementia: a systematic review Psychological Medicine 2006 36 04 441 454 10.1017/S0033291705006264
- Wimo A. Jönsson L. Bond J. Prince M. Winblad B. The worldwide economic impact of dementia 2010 Alzheimer’s & Dementia 2013 9 1 1 11 10.1016/j.jalz.2012.11.006
-
World Health Organization
Dementia
2015
Retrieved from
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs362/en/ - Woumans E. Santens P. Sieben A. Versijpt J. Stevens M. Duyck W. Bilingualism delays clinical manifestation of Alzheimer’s disease Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 2015 18 03 568 574 10.1017/S136672891400087X
-
Yeung
C. M.
John
P. D.
St Menec V. Tyas S. L. Is bilingualism associated with a lower risk of dementia in community-living older adults? Cross-sectional and prospective analyses Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders 2014 28 4 326 332 10.1097/WAD.0000000000000019 - Zahodne L. B. Schofield P. W. Farrell M. T. Stern Y. Manly J. J. Bilingualism does not alter cognitive decline or dementia risk among Spanish-speaking immigrants Neuropsychology 2014 28 2 238 246 10.1037/neu0000014
- Zied K. M. Phillipe A. Karine P. Valerie H. T. Ghislaine A. Arnaud R. Bilingualism and adult differences in inhibitory mechanisms: Evidence from a bilingual Stroop task Brain and Cognition 2004 54 3 254 256 10.1016/j.bandc.2004.02.036
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/jeps.375 | Journal eISSN: 2222-6931
Language: English
Page range: 43 - 50
Published on: Aug 31, 2016
Published by: Ubiquity Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
© 2016 Amy L Atkinson, published by Ubiquity Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
