Table 1
Distribution of Pakistani Adults According to Their Socio-Demographic Characteristics.
| CHARACTERISTICS | MALE (N = 129) | FEMALE (N = 255) |
|---|---|---|
| NO. (%) | NO. (%) | |
| Age range | ||
| 18–34 | 111 (86) | 214 (83.9) |
| 35–49 | 10 (7.8) | 33 (12.9) |
| 50–64 | 8 (6.2) | 8 (3.1) |
| Employment | ||
| Student | 77 (59.7) | 184 (72.2) |
| Employed | 50 (38.8) | 45 (17.6) |
| Unemployed | 2 (1.6) | 26 (10.2) |
Figure 1
Sleep Pattern Distribution in the Sample Population.
Table 2
Sleep Pattern in Relation to Gender, Age, and Employment.
| CHARACTERISTICS | N | SLEEP PATTERNS | OR (95% CI) | P-VALUE | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MONOPHASIC NO (%) | BIPHASIC-SIESTA NO. (%) | BIPHASIC-DAWN NO. (%) | POLY-PHASIC NO. (%) | |||||
| Gender | Males | 129 | 60 (46.5) | 19 (14.7) | 34 (26.4) | 16 (12.4) | Siesta: 0.50 (0.27–0.94) Dawn: 1.21 (0.68–2.14) Poly: 0.52 (0.26–1.02) | 0.031 0.524 0.055 |
| Females | 255 | 95 (37.3) | 61 (23.9) | 49 (19.2) | 50 (19.6) | Reference | – | |
| Age range | 18–34 | 325 | 131 (84.5) | 69 (86.3) | 71 (85.5) | 54 (81.8) | Siesta: 0.83 (0.18–4.00) Dawn: 1.85 (0.40–8.56) Poly: 0.91 (0.19–4.36) | 0.821 0.433 0.907 |
| 35–49 | 43 | 17 (11.0) | 8 (10.0) | 9 (10.8) | 9 (13.6) | Siesta: 0.97 (0.19–4.90) Dawn: 1.04 (0.21–5.30) Poly: 1.00 (0.20–5.00) | 0.965 0.960 0.998 | |
| 50–64 | 16 | 7 (4.5) | 3 (3.8) | 3 (3.6) | 3 (4.5) | Reference | – | |
| Employment | Student | 261 | 104 (67.1) | 59 (73.8) | 54 (65.1) | 44 (66.7) | Siesta: 1.66 (0.35–7.81) Dawn: 0.31 (0.08–1.15) Poly: 0.79 (0.19–3.33) | 0.521 0.079 0.744 |
| Employed | 95 | 42 (27.1) | 17 (21.3) | 20 (24.1) | 16 (24.2) | Siesta: 1.29 (0.31–5.35) Dawn: 0.33 (0.10–1.13) Poly: 0.79 (0.21–2.92) | 0.722 0.077 0.721 | |
| Unemployed | 28 | 9 (5.8) | 4 (5.0) | 9 (10.8) | 6 (9.1) | Reference | - | |
Table 3
Duration of Sleep Characteristics Between the Four Types of Sleep Patterns.
| DURATION OF SLEEP IN 24 HOURS | N | SLEEP PATTERNS | OR (95% CI) | p-VALUE | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MONOPHASIC NO (%) | BIPHASIC-SIESTA NO (%) | BIPHASIC-DAWN NO (%) | POLYPHASIC NO (%) | ||||
| Less than 6 hours | 37 | 16 (10.3) | 7 (8.8) | 7 (8.4) | 7 (10.6) | Siesta: 0.39 (0.11–1.43) Dawn: 0.88 (0.20–3.90) Poly: 0.88 (0.20–3.90) | 0.121 0.861 0.861 |
| 6–8 hours | 224 | 92 (59.4) | 43 (53.8) | 53 (63.9) | 36 (54.5) | Siesta: 0.42 (0.15–1.15) Dawn: 1.15 (0.33–4.09) Poly: 0.78 (0.22–2.76) | 0.091 0.824 0.721 |
| 8–10 hours | 98 | 39 (25.2) | 21 (26.3) | 19 (22.9) | 19 (28.8) | Siesta: 0.48 (0.16–1.42) Dawn: 0.97 (0.26–3.65) Poly: 0.97 (0.26–3.65) | 0.185 0.969 0.969 |
| More than 10 hours | 25 | 8 (32.0) | 9 (36.0) | 4 (16.0) | 4 (16.0) | Reference | – |
Table 4
Wake-up and Sleep Timings During Weekdays and Weekends.
| TIMINGS | RANGES | WEEKDAYS | WEEKENDS | P-VALUE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wake-up timings | ||||
| Before | 4 AM | 3 (0.8) | 1 (0.3) | <0.001 |
| Between | 4 AM–6 AM | 66 (17.2) | 23 (6.0) | |
| 6 AM–8 AM | 197 (51.3) | 32 (8.3) | ||
| 8 AM–10 AM | 62 (16.1) | 96 (25.0) | ||
| 10 AM–12 AM | 35 (9.1) | 139 (36.2) | ||
| 12 PM–2 PM | 13 (3.4) | 74 (19.3) | ||
| After | 2 PM | 8 (2.1) | 19 (4.9) | |
| Sleep timings | ||||
| Before | 8 PM | 1 (0.3) | 2 (0.5) | <0.001 |
| Between | 8 PM–10 PM | 15 (3.9) | 10 (2.6) | |
| 10 PM– 12 PM | 119 (31.0) | 58 (15.1) | ||
| 12 AM–2 AM | 181 (47.1) | 172 (44.8) | ||
| 2 AM– 4 AM | 52 (13.5) | 100 (26.0) | ||
| After | 4 AM | 16 (4.2) | 42 (10.9) |
Table 5
Daytime Sleepiness (ESS) and Sleep Quality (PSQI) Comparison for variables.
| CHARACTERISTICS | N = 384 | ESS MEAN (95% CI) | p-VALUE | PSQI MEAN (95% CI) | p-VALUE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sleep Patterns | 0.024 | 0.013 | |||
| Monophasic | 155 | 7.63 (7.06–8.20) | 6.03 (5.55–6.51) | ||
| Biphasic (Siesta) | 80 | 8.82 (8.00–9.64) | 6.94 (6.28–7.60) | ||
| Biphasic (Dawn) | 83 | 7.18 (6.35–8.01) | 5.42 (4.82–6.02) | ||
| Polyphasic | 66 | 7.73 (6.74–8.72) | 6.52 (5.72–7.32) | ||
| Gender | 0.001 | 0.000 | |||
| Male | 129 | 6.89 (6.26–7.52) | 5.22 (4.75–5.69) | ||
| Female | 255 | 8.25 (7.78–8.72) | 6.65 (6.26–7.04) | ||
| Employment Status | 0.000 | 0.096 | |||
| Student | 261 | 8.40 (7.98–8.82) | 6.37 (6.02–6.72) | ||
| Employed | 95 | 6.56 (5.70–7.42) | 5.86 (5.19–6.53) | ||
| Unemployed | 28 | 6.36 (4.93–7.79) | 5.36 (4.06–6.66) | ||
| Waking up for Dawn Prayer | 0.018 | ||||
| Yes | 211 | – | – | 5.87 (5.45–6.29) | |
| No | 173 | – | – | 6.54 (6.09–6.99) |
Table 6
Waking up for Dawn Prayers.
| WAKING UP FOR DAWN PRAYERS | N | SLEEP PATTERNS | p-VALUE | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MONOPHASIC NO (%) | BIPHASIC-SIESTA NO (%) | BIPHASIC-DAWN NO (%) | POLYPHASIC NO (%) | |||
| Yes | 211 | 45 (29.0) | 21 (26.3) | 82 (98.8) | 63 (95.5) | <0.001 |
| No | 50 | 31 (20.0) | 19 (23.8) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | |
| Sometimes | 117 | 77 (49.7) | 36 (45.0) | 1 (1.2) | 3 (4.5) | |
| Not applicable | 6 | 2 (1.3) | 4 (5.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |