Figure 1
Schematic illustration of rotate and oversample method. Here n = 5, the solid line resulting from step 5, dashed from step 6.
Figure 2
Least costs paths on a flat surface radiating from a central point. Standard queen’s move (left), rotate methodology (right).
Figure 3
Rotate and oversample LCP (thick) compared with standard queen’s move LCP (thin).
Figure 4
Schematic of travel costs between three points. Lines AB and BC represent the costs of travelling established roads. Dotted line AC represents a proposed direct road from A to C.
Figure 5
LCP networks of increasing complexity generated for late third century BCE Cyprus. GPO method used for λ < 1, others using LOS.
Figure 6
Frequency plots of normalized difference between LCPnet and TP. For λ = 4, 7 and 10 at 0.1 bin intervals.
Figure 7
Frequency plots of actual and modelled normalized difference. Red+purple covers actual frequency distribution (as in Figure 6), whilst blue+purple give that modelled by the sum of the two Gaussian functions shown, defined by population sizes (N), standard deviation (σ) and mean (μ).
Figure 8
Modelled networks in late third century BCE Peloponnese. Major (thick black) and minor (thin blue) roads from a putative network created with λ = 0.65 (β = 1.31) and λ = 7.0 (β = 3.0). All roads in the simpler network are also in the more complex network. The area around Geronthrai is magnified.
Figure 9
Section of combined land and sea network. Based on Pleiades locations extant in the late third century BCE.
Figure 10
Delphic theoroi itinerary for Cyprus. Top: Actual itinerary from theorodokoi list with routes between numbered destinations inferred from network defined by λ = 7. Unnumbered are intermediate nodes in network derived from backlink matrix. Middle: TSP solution, sea speed 3.9 knots. Bottom: TSP solution, sea speed 2.5 knots.
Figure 11
Delphic theoroi itinerary for Crete. Top: Actual itinerary from theorodokoi list with routes between numbered destinations inferred from network defined by λ = 7. Unnumbered are intermediate nodes in network derived from backlink matrix. Middle: TSP solution, sea speed 3.9 knots. Bottom: TSP solution, sea speed 2.2 knots. Kaudos is inserted as an end point since it seems that the itinerary then continued with Cyrene in Libya.