Figure 1
Laser scanning setup with the Faro-ARM Edge and tripod for holding a helmet during scanning.
Figure 2
Example of the photogrammetry set-up.
Table 1
Descriptions of the objects examined here with tentative dates and provenance histories.
| OBJECT NAME | DESCRIPTION | TENTATIVE DATE | PROVENANCE |
|---|---|---|---|
| Negau Helmet, Doug Gold Collection | A Negau-style helmet with a high-domed crown and a carinated area above the rim (Figure 3a). The rim is flanged and decorated with egg-and-dart motifs. The area above the carination is decorated with palmette decoration. Two perforations along the rim indicate where chin strap was attached. Two inverted teardrop-shaped appliques. Golden colour (unknown source), and with retrograde Etruscan inscription above the palmette band towards the rear of the helmet. | c. 400 BCE | Ex-private South Carolina collection; ex-Liebert & Lenkert Ausgrabungen collection, Krefeld, Germany; ex-private Aberdeen, South Dakota collection. Most recently purchased from Artemis Gallery in 2017. Privately held by Doug Gold. Should be considered [non-prov] and bear the disclaimer that it was acquired after December 30, 1973. |
| Samno-Attic Helmet, Doug Gold Collection | Samno-Attic in style, it features a pronounced carinated edge, bifurcated at the centre of the forehead and at the back (Figure 3b). The edge of the neck-guard is flared and the cheek-pieces are connected to the helmet with a modern riveted hook (original connection unknown). | c. 300 BCE | Ex-private collection, 1970s; ex-Richard Ivy Smith III, Virginia, 1982; ex-Boris Mussienko, Maryland, 1999; ex-private collection, New York. Most recently purchased from Christie’s, New York in 2013 by Doug Gold. On display in the Teece Museum. Should be considered [non-prov] and bear the disclaimer that it was acquired after December 30, 1973. |
| Negau Helmet, Museo Nazionale Etrusco di Villa Giulia | Part of a rich ‘warrior burial’ (Vulci, Necropoli dell’Osteria. Tomba 47), which featured greaves, spears, and a large aspis (circular shield) as well as a range of bronze vessels and pottery. Elaborate example of the Neagu type with high-domed crown and a deeply carinated area above the rim (Figure 3c). The rim is flanged and decorated with both linear and egg-and-dart motifs. There are decorative, cast figures applied to the front, back, and top. The font and back are bearded figures – possibly satyrs. The top is a set of winged horses being led by grooms separated by a gap for a crest. See Riccardi 2000. | 530–510 BCE (Amorelli 1989) | Excavated from Vulci by Mengarelli in excavations in the late 1920s (Amorelli 1989). |
| Samno-Attic Helmet, Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Paestum | Part of a ‘warrior burial’ (Gaudo Tomba 164) from the Gaudo necropolis at Paestum which also featured a triple-disc cuirass, greaves, bronze belt, iron spear, and various other finds. Samno-Attic in style, and featuring two (of an original three) attachments for feathers on the top (Figure 3d). Decorated cheek pieces attached by hinges, and stylized brow. | 380–370 BCE (Cipriani and Longo 1996) | Excavated in the Gaudo Necropolis at Paestum in 1990 (Viscione 1996, Cipriani 2000). Inventory number: 104106. |
Figure 3
Images of the final models of combined laser scan and photogrammetry of the a) Negau Helmet (Emmitt, Mackrell & Armstrong 2021a), b) Samno-Attic Helmet (Emmitt, Mackrell & Armstrong 2021b), c) Negau Helmet (Emmitt, Mackrell & Armstrong 2021c), d) Samno-Attic Helmet (Emmitt, Mackrell & Armstrong 2021d). These models are also available in the published dataset Emmitt, Mackrell & Armstrong 2021e.
Figure 4
Comparison of the laser scan, photogrammetry, and final combined models.
Table 2
Hausdorff measure for each model, comparing the photogrammetry model to the laser scan model. RMS = Root mean square.
| NEGAU HELMET – DOUG GOLD | SAMNO-ATTIC HELMET – DOUG GOLD | NEGAU HELMET – VILLA GIULIA | SAMNO-ATTIC HELMET – PAESTUM | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sampled pts. (n.) | 2926811 | 2670524 | 1502877 | 1918993 |
| Min. (cm) | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 |
| Max. (cm) | 0.5380 | 0.3749 | 0.1976 | 0.4880 |
| Mean. (cm) | 0.2159 | 0.1811 | 0.0568 | 0.0482 |
| RMS (cm) | 0.2493 | 0.1975 | 0.0621 | 0.0567 |
Figure 5
Coloured point-clouds and histograms displaying the results of the Hausdorff measure on each helmet.
Figure 6
Comparison of macro photograph and image from whole object and high-resolution localised export LiDAR scan of inscription on the Negau helmet from the Doug Gold Collection.
Figure 7
Comparison of detail of decoration (right groom/horse) between macro photography, photogrammetry, and LiDAR scan from Negau Helmet, Museo Nazionale Etrusco di Villa Giulia.
Figure 8
Production marks from the inside of the carination, near the left hole for the chin strap on the Negau helmet from the Doug Gold Collection.
Figure 9
Negau helmet from the Villa Giulia rendered with respect to the thickness of the material. Thickness of the mesh was calculated using the Shape Diameter Function (Shapira, Shamir & Cohen-Or 2008).
Figure 10
Suggested representation of the reconstructed Paestum Samno-Attic Helmet (Emmitt, Mackrell & Armstrong 2021f).
Figure 11
Suggested representation of the reconstructed Doug Gold Samno-Attic Helmet with both cheek flaps (Emmitt, Mackrell & Armstrong 2021g).