Abstract
This paper presents a multi-modal method for integrating rock-cut structures into current archaeological studies related to Ancient and Medieval periods, particularly focusing on a case study of the north-west wall of the Göreme 4b church in Cappadocia (Turkey). Historically marginalised within archaeological research, rock-cut architecture is now reassessed through a combination of building archaeology, traceology, photogrammetry, and computer-assisted analysis. The primary objective is to establish a replicable protocol for interpreting tool marks to define construction phases and occupation sequences, thereby contributing to relative dating and heritage conservation.
The interdisciplinary project involved the creation of a high-resolution 3D model, a relational database, and a GIS-based vectorisation of stratigraphic units (SUs). The 3D models—generated from DSLR and smartphone photogrammetry—facilitated the production of orthophotographs and digital elevation models, essential for precise tool mark analysis. Using controlled vocabularies and standardised descriptors, the relational database supports both qualitative and quantitative analysis, enabling cross-referencing across architectural features and excavation contexts. GIS software was employed to integrate geospatial data, allowing for the vectorisation and chronological ordering of identified SUs.
The results demonstrate the utility of this method in clarifying previously unseen features, such as a Christian cross near a tomb and stratigraphic relationships between excavation phases. Notably, the method confirmed that initial excavation proceeded from the top down, and identified multiple phases of tool use, including quarry picks and polkas. Although more time-consuming than traditional CAD-based methods, the systematic protocol enhanced interpretive precision.
This approach offers significant advantages for understanding site chronology and spatial dynamics, and can be extended to larger areas and other structures. Future developments may incorporate artificial intelligence for automated tool mark recognition. The study underscores the potential of integrating digital technologies into archaeological research to refine structural analysis and conservation strategies.