Figure 1
The location of Sicily and Syracuse. Authors’ elaboration.
Figure 2
Top: aerial view of the Syracuse Baths. Source: Google Maps, accessed December 27, 2025. Bottom: Plan of the Syracuse baths. Authors’ elaboration based on data from Cultrera (1938, pl. XXI). Letters denoting buildings following Broise (1994, 21, Figure 6): a: main entrance; b: storage area; c: storage area; d: aisle areas; e: hall; f: tholos; g: baths room; h: immersion pool; i: comparable basin or pool; j: furnace; k: tholos; o: dressing rooms; p: secondary entrance; q: dressing rooms.
Table 1
Data analysis of the Syracuse Baths (calculated by the authors).
| SPACE ID | CONNECTIVITY | CV | TDn | MDn | INTEGRATION | RA | RRA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1 | 0.5 | 112 | 5.89474 | 0.413864 | 0.54386 | 2.41625 |
| 8 | 1 | 0.5 | 108 | 5.68421 | 0.442407 | 0.520468 | 2.31233 |
| 16 | 1 | 0.25 | 96 | 5.05263 | 0.499862 | 0.450292 | 2.00055 |
| 18 | 1 | 0.25 | 96 | 5.05263 | 0.499812 | 0.450292 | 2.00055 |
| 2 | 2 | 1.25 | 94 | 4.94737 | 0.513192 | 0.438596 | 1.94859 |
| 0 | 1 | 0.25 | 92 | 4.84211 | 0.542104 | 0.426901 | 1.89663 |
| 15 | 1 | 0.5 | 92 | 4.84211 | 0.675252 | 0.426901 | 1.89663 |
| 19 | 1 | 0.25 | 92 | 4.84211 | 0.542104 | 0.426901 | 1.89663 |
| 7 | 2 | 1.25 | 90 | 4.73684 | 0.557817 | 0.415205 | 1.84466 |
| 13 | 1 | 0.333333 | 86 | 4.52632 | 0.574468 | 0.391813 | 1.74074 |
| 3 | 1 | 0.25 | 82 | 4.31579 | 0.630973 | 0.368421 | 1.63682 |
| 12 | 1 | 0.25 | 82 | 4.31579 | 0.630973 | 0.368421 | 1.63682 |
| 17 | 4 | 2.83333 | 78 | 4.10526 | 0.652362 | 0.345029 | 1.53289 |
| 4 | 4 | 2.74 | 74 | 3.89474 | 0.726215 | 0.321637 | 1.42897 |
| 14 | 2 | 1.3333 | 74 | 3.89474 | 0.675252 | 0.321637 | 1.42897 |
| 11 | 3 | 1.75 | 68 | 3.57895 | 0.785498 | 0.28655 | 1.27308 |
| 5 | 4 | 2.75 | 64 | 3.36842 | 0.895102 | 0.263158 | 1.16915 |
| 10 | 2 | 0.666667 | 62 | 3.26316 | 0.895102 | 0.251462 | 1.11719 |
| 6 | 2 | 0.583333 | 60 | 3.15789 | 0.986907 | 0.239766 | 1.06523 |
| 9 | 3 | 1.5 | 58 | 3.05263 | 0.986907 | 0.22807 | 1.01327 |
Figure 3
Analysis results for 3 baths, from left to right: the Syracuse Baths (R, U), North Morgantina baths (S, V), and the Baths of Trajan (T, W). Top: Topological space analysis diagrams. Bottom: architectural plans. Legend: 
= space; 1 = space number; — = space connection. Authors’ elaboration.
Note: The space numbers in this diagram are simplified labels assigned for the purpose of visualizing the topological structure and hierarchy in this graph. These labels are independent of the space ID in Table 1.
Figure 4
Connectivity and integration of the 3 baths. Authors’ elaboration.
Note: A, B: Syracuse Baths; D, E: North Morgantina baths; G, H: Baths of Trajan.
Figure 5
Visibility Graph Analysis (VGA) of the 3 baths. Authors’ elaboration.
Figure 6
Plan (left) and photograph (right) of the Tell El-Herr baths. Data from Fournet & Redon, 2017, Figure 13.
Figure 7
‘Tree-shaped structures’ (top) and ‘ring-shaped structures’ (bottom), adapted from Ostwald (2011, figs. 11 and 12). The latter are termed “rhizomorphous structures” in the original study.