Figure 1
Needle-tract bleeding: (A) localization of needle entry; (B) during the procedure, needle is in the lesion; (C) after the withdrawal of the needle, bleeding is seen along the needle trajectory as ground-glass attenuation.
Table 1
Correlation of the needle-tract bleeding with the lesion-related variables.
| Variables | NTB Rate (%) | p-value |
|---|---|---|
| Size(cm) | p = 0.011 | |
| <3 | 68/170 (40%) | |
| ≥3 | 74/251 (29%) | |
| Localization | p = 0.532 | |
| Upper | 82/248 (33%) | |
| Middle | 9/21 (42%) | |
| Lower | 51/152 (34%) | |
| Contour Characteristics | p = 0.660 | |
| Smooth | 30/101 (30%) | |
| Blurred | 68/206 (33%) | |
| Spiculated | 44/114 (38%) |
[i] NTB, needle-tract bleeding.
Table 2
Correlation of the needle-tract bleeding with the procedure-related variables.
| Variables | NTB Rate (%) | p-value |
|---|---|---|
| Entry angle (°) | p = 0.325 | |
| <75 | 59/150 (39%) | |
| ≥75 | 83/271 (30%) | |
| No of Pleu. Puncture | p = 0.470 | |
| ≤2 | 115/355 (32%) | |
| >2 | 27/66 (40%) | |
| Time (minute) | p = 0.692 | |
| <2.5 | 92/265 (35%) | |
| ≥2.5 | 50/156 (32%) | |
| Depth (cm) | p = 0.002 | |
| 0.5–3 | 38/158 (24%) | |
| >3 | 104/263 (40%) | |
| Operator | p = 0.842 | |
| Junior resident | 33/89 (37%) | |
| Senior resident | 69/228 (30%) | |
| Chest radiologist | 40/104 (38%) | |
| Others | p = 0.105 | |
| Presence of atelectasis | 2/12 (16%) | |
| Presence of fissure | 10/22 (45%) | |
| Presence of pleu. Tag | 3/12 (25%) |
[i] NTB, needle-tract bleeding; Pleu. Puncture, pleural puncture; No, number.
Table 3
Correlation of the needle-tract bleeding with the patient-related variables.
| Variables | NTB Rate (%) | p-value |
|---|---|---|
| Age (y) | p = 0.441 | |
| <60 | 78/207 (38%) | |
| ≥60 | 64/214 (30%) | |
| Gender | p = 0.648 | |
| Male | 116/337 (34%) | |
| Female | 26/84 (31%) | |
| Patient position | p = 0.380 | |
| Supine | 43/128 (33%) | |
| Prone | 80/247 (32%) | |
| Lateral decubitus | 19/46 (41%) | |
| Severity of emphysema | p = 0.218 | |
| 0 | 95/285 (33%) | |
| 1 | 31/80 (38%) | |
| 2 | 13/34 (38%) | |
| 3 | 3/22 (13%) |
[i] NTB, needle-tract bleeding.
Table 4
Correlation of pneumothorax with needle-tract bleeding and emphysema.
| With Emphysema | Without Emphysema | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NTB | No NTB | Total (%) | p-value | NTB | No NTB | Total (%) | p-value | |
| Pneumothorax | p = 0.831 | p < 0.001 | ||||||
| Not Seen | 27 | 50 | 77 | 83 | 146 | 229 | ||
| Seen (%) | 20 (42%) | 39 (44%) | 59 (43%) | 12 (12%) | 44 (32%) | 56 (19%) | ||
| Total | 47 | 89 | 136 | 95 | 190 | 285 | ||
[i] NTB, needle tract bleeding.
| NTB | Needle-tract bleeding |
| CT | Computed tomography |
| CNB | Core needle biopsy |
| IRB | Institutional review board |
| G | Gauge |
| ROC | Receiver operating characteristic |
| OR | Odds ratio |