Measuring Belief in Conspiracy Theories: Validation of a French and English Single-Item Scale

Abalakina-Paap M. Stephan W. G. Craig T. Gregory W. L. Beliefs in conspiracies Political Psychology 1999 20 637 647 10.1111/0162-895X.00160

Berinsky A. J. Huber G. A. Lenz G. S. Evaluating online labor markets for experimental research: Amazon.com’s Mechanical Turk Political Analysis 2012 20 351 368 10.1093/pan/mpr057

Bouvet R. Djeriouat H. Goutaudier N. Py J. Chabrol H. Validation française de la Revised Paranormal Belief Scale. [French validation of the Revised Paranormal Belief Scale] L’Encéphale 2014 40 308 314 10.1016/j.encep.2014.01.004

Brotherton R. Eser S. Bored to fears: Boredom proneness, paranoia, and conspiracy theories Personality and Individual Differences 2015 80 1 5 10.1016/j.paid.2015.02.011

Brotherton R. French C. C. Belief in conspiracy theories and susceptibility to the conjunction fallacy Applied Cognitive Psychology 2014 28 238 248 10.1002/acp.2995

Brotherton R. French C. C. Intention seekers: Conspiracist ideation and biased attributions of intentionality PLoS ONE 2015 10 e0124125 10.1371/journal.pone.0124125

Brotherton R. French C. C. Pickering A. D. Measuring belief in conspiracy theories: The Generic Conspiracist Beliefs Scale Frontiers in Psychology 2013 4 279 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00279

Bruder M. Haffke P. Neave N. Nouripanah N. Imhoff R. Measuring individual differences in generic beliefs in conspiracy theories across cultures: Conspiracy Mentality Questionnaire Frontiers in Psychology 2013 4 225 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00225

Buhrmester M. Kwang T. Gosling S. D. Amazon’s Mechanical Turk: A new source of inexpensive, yet high-quality, data? Perspectives on Psychological Science 2011 6 3 5 10.1177/1745691610393980

Cohen J. A power primer Psychological Bulletin 1992 112 155 159 10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155

Dagnall N. Drinkwater K. Parker A. Denovan A. Parton M. Conspiracy theory and cognitive style: A worldview Frontiers in Psychology 2015 6 206 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00206

Darwin H. Neave N. Holmes J. Belief in conspiracy theories. The role of paranormal belief, paranoid ideation and schizotypy Personality and Individual Differences 2011 50 1289 1293 10.1016/j.paid.2011.02.027

Davey H. M. Barratt A. L. Butow P. N. Deeks J. J. A one-item question with a Likert or Visual Analog Scale adequately measured current anxiety Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2007 60 356 360 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.07.015

Douglas K. M. Sutton R. M. The hidden impact of conspiracy theories: Perceived and actual influence of theories surrounding the death of Princess Diana The Journal of Social Psychology 2008 148 210 222 10.3200/SOCP.148.2.210-222

Douglas K. M. Sutton R. M. Does it take one to know one? Endorsement of conspiracy theories is influenced by personal willingness to conspire British Journal of Social Psychology 2011 50 544 552 10.1111/j.2044-8309.2010.02018.x

Edwards P. Roberts I. Sandercock P. Frost C. Follow-up by mail in clinical trials. Does questionnaire length matter? Controlled Clinical Trials 2004 25 31 52 10.1016/j.cct.2003.08.013

Goertzel T. Belief in conspiracy theories Political Psychology 1994 15 731 742 10.2307/3791630

Gombin J. Conspiracy theories in France. Interim report 2013 Retrieved from Counterpoint website: http://web.archive.org/web/20150202080751/http://counterpoint.uk.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Conspiracy-Theories-in-France-interim-report-3rd-May.pdf

Gray M. Revisiting Saddam Hussein’s political language: The sources and roles of conspiracy theories Arab Studies Quarterly 2010 32 28 46 Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/41858602

Gyárfášová O. Krekó P. Mesežnikov G. Molnár C. Morris M. The conspiratorial mindset in the age of transition: Conspiracy theories in France, Hungary and Slovakia – Survey results 2013 Retrieved from IVO website: http://www.ivo.sk/buxus/docs//publikacie/subory/The_Conspiratorial_Mindset_in_an_Age_of_Transition.pdf

Husting G. Orr M. Dangerous machinery: “Conspiracy theorist” as a transpersonal strategy of exclusion Symbolic Interaction 2007 30 127 150 10.1525/si.2007.30.2.127

Imhoff R. Bruder M. Speaking (Un-)truth to power: Conspiracy mentality as a generalised political attitude European Journal of Personality 2014 28 25 43 10.1002/per.1930

Jolley D. Douglas K. M. The social consequences of conspiracism: Exposure to conspiracy theories decreases intentions to engage in politics and to reduce one’s carbon footprint British Journal of Psychology 2014a 105 35 56 10.1111/bjop.12018

Jolley D. Douglas K. M. The effects of anti-vaccine conspiracy theories on vaccination intentions PLoS ONE 2014b 9 e89177 10.1371/journal.pone.0089177

Keeley B. L. Of conspiracy theories The Journal of Philosophy 1999 96 109 126 10.2307/2564659

Knight P. Conspiracy theories in American history: An encyclopedia 2003 1 Santa Barbara, CA ABC-CLIO

Konrath S. Meier B. P. Bushman B. J. Development and validation of the Single Item Narcissism Scale (SINS) PLoS ONE 2014 9 e103469 10.1371/journal.pone.0103469

Lantian A. Muller D. Nurra C. Douglas K. M. Measuring belief in conspiracy theories: Validation of a French and English single-item scale Open Science Framework 2015 [Data and statistical scripts]. Retrieved from https://osf.io/k6zxr/

Lewandowsky S. Gignac G. E. Oberauer K. The role of conspiracist ideation and worldviews in predicting rejection of science PLoS ONE 2013 8 e75637 10.1371/journal.pone.0075637

Lobato E. Mendoza J. Sims V. Chin M. Examining the relationship between conspiracy theories, paranormal beliefs, and pseudoscience acceptance among a university population Applied Cognitive Psychology 2014 28 617 625 10.1002/acp.3042

Longuet M. Un Français sur cinq séduit par les théories du complot LCI 2014 June 18 Retrieved from http://web.archive.org/web/20150116191850/http://lci.tf1.fr/france/societe/la-theorie-du-complot-seduit-de-plus-en-plus-de-francais-8437665.html

Melley T. Knight P. Agency, panic and the culture of conspiracy Conspiracy nation: The politics of paranoia in postwar America 2002 New York, NY New York University Press

Moscovici S. Graumann C. F. Moscovici S. The conspiracy mentality Changing conceptions of conspiracy 1987 New York, NY Springer 151 169 10.1007/978-1-4612-4618-3_9

Newheiser A. K. Farias M. Tausch N. The functional nature of conspiracy beliefs: Examining the underpinnings of belief in the Da Vinci Code conspiracy Personality and Individual Differences 2011 51 1007 1011 10.1016/j.paid.2011.08.011

Oliver J. E. Wood T. J. Conspiracy theories and the paranoid style(s) of mass opinion American Journal of Political Science 2014 58 952 966 10.1111/ajps.12084

Pelletier L. G. Vallerand R. J. L’Échelle révisée de conscience de soi : Une traduction et une validation canadienne-française du «Revised Self-Consciousness Scale». [The Revised Self-Consciousness Scale: A translation and a French-Canadian validation of the Revised Self-Consciousness Scale.] Revue Canadienne des Sciences du Comportement 1990 22 191 206 10.1037/h0078983

Rammstedt B. Beierlein C. Can’t we make it any shorter? The limits of personality assessment and ways to overcome them Journal of Individual Differences 2014 35 212 220 10.1027/1614-0001/a000141

Robins R. W. Hendin H. M. Trzesniewski K. H. Measuring global self-esteem: Construct validation of a single-item measure and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2001 27 151 161 10.1177/0146167201272002

Robinson J. P. Shaver P. R. Wrightsman L. S. Robinson J. P. Shaver P. R. Wrightsman L. S. Criteria for scale selection and evaluation Measures of personality and social psychological attitudes 1991 San Diego, CA Academic Press 1 15 10.1016/B978-0-12-590241-0.50005-8

Sapountzis A. Condor S. Conspiracy accounts as intergroup theories: challenging dominant understandings of social power and political legitimacy Political Psychology 2013 34 731 752 10.1111/pops.12015

Scheier M. F. Carver C. S. The Self-Consciousness Scale: A revised version for use with general populations Journal of Applied Social Psychology 1985 15 687 699 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1985.tb02268.x

Schmidt F. L. Hunter J. E. Measurement error in psychological research: Lessons from 26 research scenarios Psychological Methods 1996 1 199 223 10.1037/1082-989X.1.2.199

Sutton R. M. Douglas K. M. van Prooijen J.-W. van Lange P. A. M. Examining the monological nature of conspiracy theories Power, politics, and paranoia: Why people are suspicious of their leaders 2014 Cambridge, UK Cambridge University Press 254 272 10.1017/CBO9781139565417.018

Swami V. Chamorro-Premuzic T. Furnham A. Unanswered questions: A preliminary investigation of personality and individual difference predictors of 9/11 conspiracist beliefs Applied Cognitive Psychology 2010 24 749 761 10.1002/acp.1583

Swami V. Coles R. Stieger S. Pietschnig J. Furnham A. Rehim S. Voracek M. Conspiracist ideation in Britain and Austria: Evidence of a monological belief system and associations between individual psychological differences and real-world and fictitious conspiracy theories British Journal of Psychology 2011 102 443 463 10.1111/j.2044-8295.2010.02004.x

Swami V. Pietschnig J. Tran U. S. Nader I. Stieger S. Voracek M. Lunar Lies: the impact of informational framing and individual differences in shaping conspiracist beliefs about the moon landings Applied Cognitive Psychology 2013 27 71 80 10.1002/acp.2873

Swami V. Voracek M. Stieger S. Tran U. S. Furnham A. Analytic thinking reduces belief in conspiracy theories Cognition 2014 133 572 585 10.1016/j.cognition.2014.08.006

Tobacyk J. A Revised Paranormal Belief Scale The International Journal of Transpersonal Studies 2004 23 94 98

Wagner-Egger P. Bangerter A. La vérité est ailleurs: corrélats de l’adhésion aux théories du complot [The truth lies elsewhere: Correlates of belief in conspiracy theories]. Revue internationale de psychologie sociale 2007 20 31 61

Wood M. J. Douglas K. M. “What about building 7?” A social psychological study of online discussion of 9/11 conspiracy theories Frontiers in Psychology 2013 4 409 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00409

Wood M. J. Douglas K. M. Sutton R. M. Dead and alive: Beliefs in contradictory conspiracy theories Social Psychological and Personality Science 2012 3 767 773 10.1177/1948550611434786