The Impact of Masculinity Beliefs and Political Ideologies on Men’s Backlash Against Non-Traditional Men: The Moderating Role of Perceived Men’s Feminization

Vincenzo Iacoviello; Giulia Valsecchi; Jacques Berent; Islam Borinca; Juan Manuel Falomir-Pichastor

doi:10.5334/irsp.588

Figures & Tables

Table 1

Results of the linear regression analyses on social proximity, trait ratings, and sympathy with gender norm, target, traditional masculinity beliefs (as measured through MRNI) and their interactions as predictors (Study 1).

	b	SE	t	p	95% CI
Social proximity
Norm	–0.10	0.07	–1.38	.168	[–0.24; 0.04]
Target	–0.12	0.07	–1.70	.091	[–0.26; 0.02]
MRNI	–0.02	0.07	–0.21	.837	[–0.16; 0.13]
Norm × Target	0.04	0.07	0.52	.601	[–0.10; 0.18]
Norm × MRNI	0.05	0.07	0.75	.453	[–0.09; 0.20]
Target × MRNI	0.39	0.07	5.43	<.001	[0.25; 0.53]
Norm × Target × MRNI	0.00	0.07	0.00	1.000	[–0.14; 0.14]
Traits’ rating
Norm	–0.06	0.11	–0.54	.589	[–0.28; 0.16]
Target	–0.20	0.11	–1.83	.069	[–0.42; 0.02]
MRNI	–0.09	0.11	–0.78	.437	[–0.31; 0.13]
Norm × Target	0.18	0.11	1.65	.101	[–0.04; 0.40]
Norm × MRNI	0.11	0.11	0.94	.349	[–0.12; 0.33]
Target × MRNI	0.51	0.11	4.53	<.001	[0.29; 0.73]
Norm × Target × MRNI	0.08	0.11	0.69	.493	[–0.15; 0.30]
Sympathy
Norm	–0.09	0.08	–1.14	.256	[–0.24; 0.06]
Target	–0.16	0.08	–2.01	.046	[–0.31; –0.00]
MRNI	–0.07	0.08	–0.92	.358	[–0.23; 0.08]
Norm × Target	0.03	0.08	0.44	.658	[–0.12; 0.19]
Norm × MRNI	–0.03	0.08	–0.36	.718	[–0.18; 0.13]
Target × MRNI	0.38	0.08	4.78	<.001	[0.22; 0.53]
Norm × Target × MRNI	0.05	0.08	0.65	.515	[–0.10; 0.21]

[i] Note: MRNI = Male Role Norms Scale.

Table 2

Results of the linear regression analyses on social proximity, trait ratings, and sympathy with gender norm, target, political orientation and their interactions as predictors (Study 1).

	b	SE	t	p	95% CI
Social proximity
Norm	–0.05	0.08	–0.70	.488	[–0.20; 0.10]
Target	–0.12	0.08	–1.53	.129	[–0.27; 0.03]
PO	0.01	0.05	0.20	.842	[–0.09; 0.12]
Norm × Target	0.05	0.08	0.71	.477	[–0.10; 0.20]
Norm × PO	0.02	0.05	0.33	.740	[–0.09; 0.12]
Target × PO	0.14	0.05	2.66	.009	[0.04; 0.25]
Norm × Target × PO	0.08	0.05	1.58	.117	[–0.02; 0.19]
Traits’ rating
Norm	–0.01	.11	–0.10	.924	[–0.24; 0.22]
Target	–0.19	.11	–1.62	.107	[–0.41; 0.04]
PO	0.01	.08	0.06	.949	[–0.15; 0.16]
Norm × Target	0.21	.11	1.86	.065	[–0.01; 0.44]
Norm × PO	0.05	.08	0.58	.562	[–0.11; 0.20]
Target × PO	0.12	.08	1.52	.131	[–0.04; 0.28]
Norm × Target × PO	0.18	.08	2.28	.024	[0.02; 0.34]
Sympathy
Norm	–0.02	.08	–0.27	.784	[–0.18; 0.14]
Target	–0.18	.08	–2.28	.024	[–0.34; –0.02]
PO	0.03	.06	0.51	.611	[–0.08; 0.14]
Norm × Target	0.02	.08	0.26	.792	[–0.14; 0.18]
Norm × PO	0.01	.06	0.14	.885	[–0.10; 0.12]
Target × PO	0.10	.06	1.78	.076	[–0.01; 0.21]
Norm × Target × PO	0.12	.06	2.12	.036	[0.01; 0.23]

[i] Note: PO = Political orientation (from 1 = Very left-wing to 7 = Very right-wing).

Trait ratings of the non-conforming man and the conforming man as a function of political orientation and men’s gender norm (Study 1). Higher scores indicate positive ratings. Error bars represent standard errors.

Sympathy for the non-traditional man and the traditional man as a function of political orientation and men’s norm (Study 1). Error bars represent standard errors.

Table 3

Results of the linear regression analyses on likeability, hiring intentions, and suggested salary with gender norm, target, traditional masculinity beliefs (as measured through MRNI) and their interactions as predictors (Study 2).

	b	SE	t	p	95% CI
Likeability
Norm	–0.03	0.08	–0.33	.742	[–0.18; 0.13]
Target	0.14	0.08	1.73	.087	[–0.02; 0.29]
MRNI	–0.21	0.08	–2.72	.007	[–0.36; –0.06]
Norm × Target	–0.01	0.08	–0.13	.895	[–0.17; 0.15]
Norm × MRNI	–0.10	0.08	–1.31	.194	[–0.25; 0.05]
Target × MRNI	0.03	0.08	0.34	.737	[–0.13; 0.18]
Norm × Target × MRNI	0.17	0.08	2.22	.028	[0.02; 0.32]
Hiring intentions
Norm	–0.03	0.12	–0.25	.801	[–0.27; 0.21]
Target	0.23	0.12	1.95	.054	[–0.00; 0.47]
MRNI	–0.20	0.12	–1.73	.087	[–0.43; 0.03]
Norm × Target	0.06	0.12	0.52	.602	[–0.18; 0.30]
Norm × MRNI	0.01	0.12	0.10	.924	[–0.22; 0.24]
Target × MRNI	–0.01	0.12	–0.01	.990	[–0.23; 0.23]
Norm × Target × MRNI	0.18	0.12	1.57	.118	[–0.04; 0.41]
Salary
Norm	–0.03	0.13	–0.25	.806	[–0.29; 0.22]
Target	–0.14	0.13	–1.08	.282	[–0.39; 0.12]
MRNI	–0.05	0.13	–0.38	.707	[–0.29; 0.20]
Norm × Target	0.06	0.13	0.47	.639	[–0.20; 0.30]
Norm × MRNI	0.05	0.13	0.39	.696	[–0.20; 0.30]
Target × MRNI	0.10	0.13	0.83	.408	[–0.14; 0.35]
Norm × Target × MRNI	0.04	0.13	0.32	.747	[–0.21; 0.29]

[i] Note: MRNI = Male Role Norms Scale.

Likeability of the non-traditional man and the traditional woman as a function of traditional masculinity beliefs and men’s norm (Study 2). Error bars represent standard errors.

Table 4

Results of the linear regression analyses on likeability, hiring intentions, and suggested salary with gender norm, target, political orientation and their interactions as predictors (Study 2).

	b	SE	t	p	95% CI
Likeability
Norm	–0.00	0.08	–0.02	.985	[–0.16; 0.16]
Target	0.14	0.08	1.70	.092	[–0.02; 0.30]
PO	–0.06	0.06	–1.04	.299	[0.05; 0.01]
Norm × Target	–0.04	0.08	0.42	.673	[–0.20; 0.13]
Norm × PO	0.02	0.06	0.35	.728	[–0.09; 0.13]
Target × PO	0.04	0.06	0.77	.445	[–0.07; 0.16]
Norm × Target × PO	0.09	0.06	1.66	.099	[–0.02; 0.2]
Hiring intentions
Norm	0.02	.12	0.18	.860	[–0.22; 0.26]
Target	0.21	.12	1.70	.092	[–0.03; 0.45]
PO	–0.18	.08	–2.19	.030	[–0.35; –0.02]
Norm × Target	–0.01	.12	–0.07	.941	[–0.25; 0.23]
Norm × PO	–0.04	.08	–0.50	.615	[–0.21; 0.12]
Target × PO	0.13	.08	1.59	.115	[–0.03; 0.30]
Norm × Target × PO	0.11	.08	1.36	.175	[–0.05; 0.28]
Salary
Norm	–0.04	.13	–0.33	.742	[–0.30; 0.22]
Target	–0.14	.13	–1.08	.281	[–0.40; 0.12]
PO	0.09	.09	0.97	.332	[–0.09; 0.27]
Norm × Target	0.05	.13	0.40	.690	[–0.21; 0.31]
Norm × PO	–0.09	.09	–0.94	.347	[–0.26; 0.09]
Target × PO	–0.05	.09	–0.59	.555	[–0.23; 0.13]
Norm × Target × PO	0.06	.09	0.63	.530	[–0.12; 0.24]

[i] Note: PO = Political orientation (from 1 = Very left-wing to 7 = Very right-wing).

Table 5

Small-scale meta-analyses on the results of the two studies.

	Target × Norm × Traditional masculinity
	Not controlling for political orientation				Controlling for political orientation
Dependent variable	B	SE	N	p	B	SE	N	p
Social proximity (Study 1)	0.00	0.07	189	1.000	–0.00	0.08	184	.979
Traits’ rating (Study 1)	0.08	0.11	190	.493	–0.03	0.14	185	.807
Sympathy (Study 1)	0.05	0.08	190	.515	0.01	0.09	195	.951
Likeability (Study 2)	0.17	0.08	148	.028	0.17	0.10	147	.076
Hiring intentions (Study 2)	0.18	0.12	145	.118	0.14	0.15	144	.353
Salary (Study 2)	0.04	0.13	146	.408	0.23	0.15	145	.140
Metaeffect	0.08	0.04		.038	0.07	0.04		.133
	Target × Norm × Political orientation
	Not controlling for traditional masculinity				Controlling for traditional masculinity
Dependent variable	B	SE	N	p	B	SE	N	p
Social proximity (Study 1)	0.08	0.05	184	.117	0.12	0.06	184	.036
Traits’ rating (Study 1)	0.18	0.08	185	.024	0.20	0.09	185	.028
Sympathy (Study 1)	0.12	0.06	185	.036	0.16	0.06	185	.008
Likeability (Study 2)	0.09	0.06	147	.099	0.05	0.06	147	.421
Hiring intentions (Study 2)	0.11	0.08	144	.175	0.10	0.09	144	.298
Salary (Study 2)	0.06	0.09	145	.555	0.03	0.10	145	.790
Metaeffect	0.10	0.03		< .001	0.11	0.03		< .001

The Impact of Masculinity Beliefs and Political Ideologies on Men’s Backlash Against Non-Traditional Men: The Moderating Role of Perceived Men’s Feminization

Figures & Tables

Table 1

Table 2

Figure 1

Figure 2

Table 3

Figure 3

Table 4

Table 5

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