Table 1
Correlations between support for Daesh, Islamism, Machiavellianism, and deprivations calculated on the combined sample (N = 1,523).
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) Support for Daesh – binary | – | 0.13*** | –0.06 | 0.01 | –0.06 |
| (2) Islamism | – | –0.04 | –0.01 | –0.06 | |
| (3) Socio-political deprivation | – | 0.23*** | 0.04 | ||
| (4) Economic deprivation | – | –0.01 | |||
| (5) Machiavellianism | – |
[i] *** p < 0.001.
Table 2
Probit regression of support for Daesh calculated on the combined sample (N = 1,523).
| Variable | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | Model 6 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 |
| Sex | –0.09 | –0.09 | –0.09 | –0.08 | –0.09 | –0.08 |
| Urban | –0.11 | –0.11 | –0.11 | –0.11 | –0.11 | –0.11 |
| Job | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 |
| Religiousness | –0.03 | –0.03 | –0.03 | –0.02 | –0.03 | –0.02 |
| Sacred value | –0.08 | –0.08 | –0.08 | –0.07 | –0.08 | –0.08 |
| Islamism (Isl) | 0.25*** | 0.24*** | 0.24*** | 0.27*** | 0.25*** | 0.23*** |
| Socio-political deprivation (Sd) | –0.12 | –0.12 | –0.12 | –0.10 | –0.12 | –0.09 |
| Economic deprivation (Ed) | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.04 |
| Machiavellianism (Mach) | –0.12* | –0.12* | –0.12* | –0.15** | –0.12* | –0.13* |
| Mach × Sd | –0.01 | |||||
| Mach × Ed | 0.03 | |||||
| Mach × Isl | 0.12 | |||||
| Isl × Ed | 0.01 | |||||
| Isl × Sd | –0.07 | |||||
| R2 | 0.114 | 0.115 | 0.116 | 0.143 | 0.115 | 0.111 |
[i] * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.
Table 3
Standardized regression of support for Daesh based on unbalanced and SMOTEd samples of Algerian Muslims.
| Variable | β | SMOTEd bootstrapped β [99% CI] | β | SMOTEd bootstrapped β [99% CI] | β | SMOTEd bootstrapped β [99% CI] | β | SMOTEd bootstrapped β [99% CI] | β | SMOTEd bootstrapped β [99% CI] | β | SMOTEd bootstrapped β [99% CI] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 0.02 | 0.11 [–0.05, 0.27] | 0.02 | 0.09 [–0.07, 0.25] | 0.00 | 0.02 [–0.13, 0.18] | 0.02 | 0.10 [–0.04, 0.25] | 0.01 | 0.09 [–0.06, 0.25] | 0.02 | 0.10 [–0.06, 0.27] |
| Sex | –0.13 | –0.17 [–0.31, –0.02] | –0.13 | –0.18 [–0.33, –0.04] | –0.13 | –0.19 [–0.32, –0.05] | –0.11 | –0.11 [–0.25, 0.03] | –0.13 | –0.13 [–0.27, 0.01] | –0.12 | –0.17 [–0.31, –0.02] |
| Urban | –0.09 | –0.01 [–0.15, 0.14] | –0.09 | –0.02 [–0.16, 0.13] | –0.09 | –0.08 [–0.21, 0.06] | –0.11 | –0.08 [–0.22, 0.06] | –0.09 | –0.07 [–0.20, 0.07] | –0.09 | 0.00 [–0.15, 0.14] |
| Job | 0.04 | –0.09 [–0.21, 0.04] | 0.04 | –0.09 [–0.22, 0.04] | 0.03 | –0.08 [–0.20, 0.05] | 0.02 | –0.12 [–0.25, 0.01] | 0.04 | –0.08 [–0.21, 0.04] | 0.04 | –0.08 [–0.20, 0.05] |
| Religiousness | –0.11 | –0.20 [–0.36, –0.05] | –0.11 | –0.19 [–0.34, –0.03] | –0.11 | –0.16 [–0.30, –0.02] | –0.10 | –0.16 [–0.31, –0.02] | –0.12 | –0.16 [–0.32, –0.01] | –0.11 | –0.21 [–0.36, –0.04] |
| Sacred value | –0.13 | –0.23 [–0.37, –0.08] | –0.13 | –0.22 [–0.36, –0.08] | –0.15 | –0.25 [–0.38, –0.12] | –0.10 | –0.15 [–0.29, –0.01] | –0.13 | –0.19 [–0.33, –0.06] | –0.12 | –0.21 [–0.35, –0.06] |
| Islamism (Isl) | 0.11 | 0.24 [0.09, 0.39] | 0.11 | 0.27 [0.11, 0.42] | 0.10 | 0.20 [0.06, 0.34] | 0.14 | 0.24 [0.10, 0.38] | 0.12 | 0.26 [0.10, 0.40] | 0.08 | 0.21 [0.06, 0.35] |
| Socio-political deprivation (Sd) | –0.12 | –0.19 [–0.34, –0.04] | –0.12 | –0.18 [–0.33, –0.04] | –0.13 | –0.19 [–0.33, –0.05] | –0.09 | –0.11 [–0.26, 0.04] | –0.12 | –0.17 [–0.31, –0.03] | –0.10 | –0.17 [–0.31, –0.03] |
| Economic deprivation (Ed) | 0.13 | 0.19 [0.05, 0.33] | 0.13 | 0.19 [0.05, 0.33] | 0.15 | 0.19 [0.06, 0.32] | 0.11 | 0.13 [–0.01, 0.27] | 0.11 | 0.11 [–0.02, 0.25] | 0.13 | 0.20 [0.05, 0.34] |
| Machiavellianism (Mach) | –0.16* | –0.34 [–0.47, –0.21] | –0.16* | –0.28 [–0.41, –0.14] | –0.14* | –0.24 [–0.36, –0.11] | –0.17* | –0.33 [–0.45, –0.20] | –0.16* | –0.33 [–0.45, –0.21] | –0.18* | –0.37 [–0.51, –0.24] |
| Mach × Sd | –0.01 | 0.15 [–0.01, 0.32] | ||||||||||
| Mach × Ed | 0.13* | 0.42 [0.31, 0.52] | ||||||||||
| Mach × Isl | 0.15* | 0.31 [0.17, 0.45] | ||||||||||
| Isl × Ed | 0.06 | 0.31 [0.17, 0.45] | ||||||||||
| Isl × Sd | 0.12 | –0.15 [–0.31, 0.00] |
[i] * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001; confidence intervals that do not include zero are bolded.
Figure 1
Predicted probabilities of support for Daesh with respect to different combinations of Machiavellianism, Islamism, and economic deprivation in Algeria based on SMOTEd samples.
Table 4
Standardized regression of support for Daesh based on unbalanced and SMOTEd samples of Palestinian Muslims.
| Variable | β | SMOTEd bootstrapped β [99% CI] | β | SMOTEd bootstrapped β [99% CI] | β | SMOTEd bootstrapped β [99% CI] | β | SMOTEd bootstrapped β [99% CI] | β | SMOTEd bootstrapped β [99% CI] | β | SMOTEd bootstrapped β [99% CI] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 0.05 | 0.07 [–0.07, 0.20] | 0.05 | 0.07 [–0.06, 0.20] | 0.05 | 0.07 [–0.06, 0.21] | 0.05 | 0.07 [–0.07, 0.20] | 0.05 | 0.07 [–0.07, 0.20] | 0.06 | 0.07 [–0.07, 0.21] |
| Sex | –0.08 | –0.15 [–0.28, –0.01] | –0.08 | –0.14 [–0.28, 0.00] | –0.08 | –0.14 [–0.28, –0.01] | –0.08 | –0.15 [–0.28, –0.01] | –0.07 | –0.14 [–0.28, –0.01] | –0.08 | –0.15 [–0.28, –0.01] |
| Urban | –0.12 | –0.19 [–0.30, –0.07] | –0.12 | –0.20 [–0.31, –0.08] | –0.12 | –0.17 [–0.28, –0.06] | –0.11 | –0.18 [–0.29, –0.07] | –0.11 | –0.18 [–0.30, –0.07] | –0.12 | –0.19 [–0.30, –0.07] |
| Job | 0.07 | 0.06 [–0.07, 0.20] | 0.07 | 0.06 [–0.07, 0.20] | 0.08 | 0.08 [–0.06, 0.21] | 0.08 | 0.06 [–0.07, 0.20] | 0.07 | 0.06 [–0.07, 0.20] | 0.07 | 0.06 [–0.07, 0.20] |
| Religiousness | 0.06 | 0.11 [–0.01, 0.23] | 0.06 | 0.11 [–0.01, 0.23] | 0.06 | 0.15 [0.03, 0.26] | 0.06 | 0.11 [–0.01, 0.23] | 0.06 | 0.11 [–0.01, 0.23] | 0.06 | 0.11 [–0.01, 0.23] |
| Sacred value | –0.03 | –0.01 [–0.14, 0.13] | –0.03 | –0.02 [–0.16, 0.12] | –0.03 | 0.03 [–0.11, 0.16] | –0.03 | –0.02 [–0.15, 0.12] | –0.03 | 0 [–0.14, 0.13] | –0.03 | –0.01 [–0.16, 0.13] |
| Islamism (Isl) | 0.33*** | 0.43 [0.31, 0.55] | 0.33*** | 0.42 [0.30, 0.55] | 0.33*** | 0.43 [0.31, 0.55] | 0.35*** | 0.45 [0.32, 0.57] | 0.35*** | 0.45 [0.32, 0.57] | 0.33*** | 0.43 [0.32, 0.54] |
| Socio-political deprivation (Sd) | –0.14 | –0.39 [–0.50, –0.27] | –0.14 | –0.40 [–0.52, –0.28] | –0.14 | –0.37 [–0.49, –0.25] | –0.13 | –0.37 [–0.50, –0.25] | –0.14 | –0.39 [–0.51, –0.27] | –0.13 | –0.38 [–0.50, –0.26] |
| Economic deprivation (Ed) | –0.07 | –0.08 [–0.20, 0.03] | –0.07 | –0.08 [–0.20, 0.04] | –0.09 | –0.11 [–0.22, 0.01] | –0.06 | –0.09 [–0.20, 0.03] | –0.08 | –0.06 [–0.17, 0.05] | –0.06 | –0.09 [–0.20, 0.04] |
| Machiavellianism (Mach) | –0.08 | –0.03 [–0.15, 0.09] | –0.08 | –0.05 [–0.16, 0.07] | –0.06 | 0.04 [–0.10, 0.17] | –0.12 | –0.06 [–0.17, 0.04] | –0.08 | –0.03 [–0.15, 0.09] | –0.08 | –0.04 [–0.16, 0.09] |
| Mach × Sd | –0.01 | –0.06 [–0.18, 0.07] | ||||||||||
| Mach × Ed | –0.11 | –0.19 [–0.33, –0.06] | ||||||||||
| Mach × Isl | 0.07 | 0.07 [–0.09, 0.23] | ||||||||||
| Isl × Ed | –0.09 | –0.05 [–0.23, 0.14] | ||||||||||
| Isl × Sd | –0.02 | –0.03 [–0.23, 0.17] |
[i] * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.
Figure 2
Predicted probabilities of support for Daesh with respect to different combinations of economic deprivation and Machiavellianism in Palestine based on SMOTEd samples.