Positive Intergroup Interdependence, Prejudice, Outgroup Stereotype and Helping Behaviors: The Role of Group-Based Gratitude

Stéphanie Rambaud; Julie Collange; Jean Louis Tavani; Franck Zenasni

doi:10.5334/irsp.433

Figures & Tables

Table 1

Means, Standard Deviations, and Correlations between Variables (Study 1).

	M	SD	2.	3.	4.	5.	6.
1. Positive interdependence	4.87	1.25	–	0.50**	–	0.40**	–
		0.46**		0.48**		0.50**
2. Negative interdependence	3.03	1.51		–	0.67**	–	0.70**
			0.44**		0.53**
3. Group-based gratitude	4.71	1.29			–	0.48**	–
				0.50**		0.50**
4. Prejudice	2.92	1.09				–	0.76**
					0.54**
5. Facilitating behaviors	5.06	1.22					–
						0.63**
6. Harmful behaviors	2.59	1.39

[i] Note. ** p ≤ 0.001.

Models linking positive and negative interdependence to prejudice and facilitating and harmful behavioral tendencies via group-based gratitude (Study 1).
*Note*: *** p ≤ 0.001; ** p < 0.01; * p < 0.05.

Table 2

Fit indices between competing models (Study 1).

Model	SRMR	GFI	CFI	TLI	NFI		RMSEA	PCLOSE	AIC	χ²	df	χ²/df
Hypothesized models
Interdependence → Gratitude → DVs Full mediation	0.056	0.894	0.950	0.938	0.908	0.068	[0.056–0.080]	0.007	348.001	254.001	124	2.048
Interdependence → Gratitude → DVs Partial mediation	0.055	0.894	0.949	0.935	0.908	0.070	[0.058–0.082]	0.004	353.712	253.712	121	2.097
Alternative models (full mediation)
Interdependence → DVs → Gratitude	0.063	0.880	0.935	0.919	0.895	0.078	[0.067–0.090]	0.000	387.977	289.977	122	2.377
Gratitude → Interdependence → DVs	0.144	0.879	0.928	0.911	0.887	0.082	[0.070–0.093]	0.000	404.638	310.638	124	2.505

[i] Note: Errors were allowed to correlate between our three dependent variables (DVs).

Table 3

Regression and mediation analysis including group-based gratitude as mediator, contribution of immigrants as independent variable and prejudice as dependent variable (Study 2).

	Group-based gratitude			Prejudice
	β	t	p	β	t	p
Step 1
C1: Contributions vs. Control	0.33	3.76	<0.001	–0.18	–2.04	0.04
C2: Security vs. Economics & Culture	–0.08	–0.963	0.34	0.08	0.882	0.38
C3: Economics vs. Culture	0.004	0.042	0.97	–0.09	–1.05	0.30
R²	0.11			0.05
Step 2
C1: Contributions vs. Control				–0.08	–0.884	0.38
C2: Security vs. Economics & Culture				0.05	0.613	0.54
C3: Economics vs. Culture				–0.09	1.08	0.28
Group-based gratitude				–0.33	–3.60	<0.001
R²				0.14

Table 4

Regression analysis including group-based emotion induction, political orientation as independent variables and group-based emotions as dependent variable (Study 3).

	Gratitude					Admiration
	B	SE	t	p	95% IC	B	SE	t	p	95% IC
*Step 1*
C1: Gratitude vs. Other	0.65	0.18	3.64	<0.001	[0.30, 0.99]	0.57	0.17	3.32	<0.001	[0.23, 0.91]
C2: Positive vs. Control	0.10	0.19	0.513	0.608	[–0.27, 0.46]	0.59	0.18	3.26	<0.001	[0.23, 0.94]
R²	0.036**					0.057***
*Step 2*
C1: Gratitude vs. Other	0.59	0.18	3.34	0.001	[0.24, 0.94]	0.48	0.17	2.85	<0.001	[0.15, 0.81]
C2: Positive vs. Control	0.12	0.18	0.65	0.518	[–0.24, 0.48]	0.63	0.17	3.60	<0.001	[0.29, 0.97]
Political Orientation	–0.11	0.04	–2.85	0.005	[–0.18, –0.03]	–0.18	0.04	–5.16	<0.001	[–0.25, –0.11]
ΔR²	0.021**					0.066***
	Ingroup-condemnation					Outgroup-condemnation
	B	SE	t	p	95% IC	B	SE	t	p	95% IC
*Step 1*
C1: Gratitude vs. Other	0.43	0.18	2.42	0.016	[0.08, 0.78]	–0.05	0.16	–.315	0.753	[–0.36, 0.26]
C2: Positive vs. Control	–0.55	0.19	–2.98	0.003	[–0.91, –0.19]	–0.52	0.16	–3.21	0.001	[–0.84, –0.20]
R²	0.040**					0.028**
*Step 2*
C1: Gratitude vs. Other	0.36	0.18	2.06	0.04	[0.02, 0.71]	–0.01	0.16	–0.057	0.955	[–0.32, 0.30]
C2: Positive vs. Control	–0.52	0.18	–2.86	0.004	[–0.88, –0.16]	–0.54	0.16	–3.326	0.001	[–0.86, –0.22]
Political Orientation	–0.13	0.04	–3.45	<0.001	[–0.19, –0.05]	0.08	0.03	2.328	0.02	[0.01, 0.14]
ΔR²	0.031***					0.015*

Table 5

Regression and mediation analysis including group-based emotion induction as independent variable and competence, warmth and dependence-oriented behaviors as dependent variable (Study 3).

	Competence					Warmth					Dependency-oriented Helping
	B	SE	t	p	95% IC	B	SE	t	p	95% IC	B	SE	t	p	95% IC
Step 1
Gratitude vs. Other	0.54	0.14	3.92	<.001	[0.27, 0.80,]	0.56	0.15	30.90	<0.001	[0.28, 0.85]	0.49	0.18	2.81	.005	[.15, .84]
Positive vs. Control	–0.09	0.14	–0.64	0.53	[–0.37, 0.19]	–0.11	0.15	–0.75	0.455	[–0.41, 0.18]	–0.25	0.18	–1.35	.179	[–.61, .11]
R²	0.04***					0.04***					0.03**
Step 2
Gratitude vs. Other	0.47	0.13	3.49	0.001	[.20, .73]	0.45	0.13	3.32	0.001	[0.18, 0.71]	0.34	0.16	2.12	0.034	[0.03, 0.66]
Positive vs. Control	–0.06	0.14	–.444	0.657	[–.34, .21]	–0.06	0.14	–0.45	0.653	[–0.34, 0.21]	–0.18	0.17	–1.09	0.276	[–0.51, 0.15]
Political orientation	–0.13	0.03	–4.62	<0.001	[–.18, –.07]	–0.22	0.03	–7.96	<0.001	[–0.28, –0.17]	–0.29	0.03	–8.46	<0.001	[–0.35, –0.22]
ΔR²	0.05***					0.15***					0.16***

Mediation models of the influence of the emotion induction on competence, warmth, and dependency-oriented helping behaviors, via group-based emotions: gratitude, admiration and ingroup-condemning emotions. Effects are shown controlling for the contrast testing the residual variance and political orientation. Unstandardized coefficients are presented for each dependent variables referred as following a) competence, b) warmth, and c) dependence helping behaviors (Study 3).
*Note*: *** p ≤ 0.001; ** p < 0.01; * p < 0.05.

Positive Intergroup Interdependence, Prejudice, Outgroup Stereotype and Helping Behaviors: The Role of Group-Based Gratitude

Figures & Tables

Table 1

Figure 1

Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

Table 5

Figure 2

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