Table 1
Definition of variables, assignment of values and results of their descriptive statistics.
| VARIABLES | FULL SAMPLE (N = 9998) | CONTROL GROUP (N = 9602) | TREATMENT GROUP (N = 396) | T-test | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MEAN | S. D | MEAN | S. D | MEAN | S. D | |||
| Older people Health | Self-rated health | 3.459 | 0.888 | 3.448 | 0.888 | 3.732 | 0.853 | –0.284*** |
| Physical health | 0.850 | 0.357 | 0.849 | 0.358 | 0.864 | 0.344 | –0.015 | |
| Mental health | 23.220 | 3.342 | 23.139 | 3.325 | 25.172 | 3.163 | –2.033*** | |
| Demography Characteristics | Age | |||||||
| Age < 80 (1 = yes; 0 = no) | 0.403 | 0.491 | 0.402 | 0.490 | 0.434 | 0.496 | –0.032 | |
| Age >= 80 (1 = yes; 0 = no) | 0.597 | 0.491 | 0.598 | 0.490 | 0.566 | 0.496 | 0.032 | |
| Gender (1 = male; 0 = female) | 0.465 | 0.499 | 0.464 | 0.499 | 0.490 | 0.501 | –0.026 | |
| Education | ||||||||
| Illiterate (1 = yes; 0 = no) | 0.378 | 0.485 | 0.382 | 0.486 | 0.288 | 0.453 | 0.094*** | |
| Primary (1 = yes; 0 = no) | 0.295 | 0.456 | 0.296 | 0.457 | 0.258 | 0.438 | 0.039* | |
| Junior high school and above (1 = yes; 0 = no) | 0.327 | 0.469 | 0.322 | 0.467 | 0.455 | 0.499 | –0.133*** | |
| Household registration (1 = urban; 0 = rural) | 0.280 | 0.449 | 0.276 | 0.447 | 0.381 | 0.486 | –0.105*** | |
| Family Characteristics | Marital status (1 = married; 0 = unmarried) | 0.457 | 0.498 | 0.456 | 0.498 | 0.490 | 0.501 | –0.034 |
| Property ownership | 0.930 | 0.255 | 0.930 | 0.256 | 0.942 | 0.234 | –0.012 | |
| Residential arrangement (1 = not living alone; 0 = living alone) | 0.831 | 0.375 | 0.833 | 0.373 | 0.793 | 0.406 | 0.040** | |
| Number of children | 3.533 | 1.703 | 3.557 | 1.706 | 2.960 | 1.514 | 0.597*** | |
| Social security characteristics | Public medical insurance | 0.886 | 0.318 | 0.889 | 0.314 | 0.811 | 0.392 | 0.078*** |
| Public pension insurance | 0.272 | 0.445 | 0.275 | 0.447 | 0.187 | 0.390 | 0.088*** | |
| Commercial medical insurance | 0.007 | 0.082 | 0.007 | 0.082 | 0.005 | 0.071 | 0.002 | |
| Commercial pension insurance | 0.014 | 0.117 | 0.014 | 0.117 | 0.013 | 0.112 | 0.001 | |
| Health characteristics | Chronic disease | |||||||
| No chronic disease (1 = yes; 0 = no) | 0.294 | .456 | .295 | .456 | .275 | 0.447 | 0.020 | |
| Single chronic disease (1 = yes; 0 = no) | 0.308 | .462 | .307 | .461 | .331 | 0.471 | –0.024 | |
| Multiple chronic diseases (1 = yes; 0 = no) | 0.398 | .489 | .398 | .489 | 0.394 | 0.489 | 0.004 | |
| BMI | ||||||||
| Underweight (1 = yes; 0 = no) | 0.143 | 0.350 | 0.145 | 0.352 | 0.086 | 0.281 | 0.059*** | |
| Normal weight (1 = yes; 0 = no) | 0.498 | 0.500 | 0.500 | 0.500 | 0.465 | 0.499 | 0.035 | |
| Overweight (1 = yes; 0 = no) | 0.242 | 0.428 | 0.240 | 0.427 | 0.288 | 0.453 | –0.048** | |
| Obesity (1 = yes; 0 = no) | 0.117 | 0.321 | 0.115 | 0.319 | 0.162 | 0.369 | –0.047*** | |
| Lifestyle characteristics | Smoking (1 = yes; 0 = no) | 0.162 | 0.368 | 0.163 | 0.369 | 0.139 | 0.346 | 0.024 |
| Drinking alcohol (1 = yes; 0 = no) | 0.157 | 0.364 | 0.155 | 0.362 | 0.194 | 0.396 | –0.039** | |
| Exercise (1 = Yes; 0 = No) | 0.332 | 0.471 | 0.330 | 0.470 | 0.384 | 0.487 | –0.054** | |
[i] Note: *, **, and *** indicate 10%, 5%, and 1% significance, respectively; same below. Tests of difference were analyzed using t-tests.
Table 2
Estimates of the impact of community-based integrated care services and their level of integration on the health of older people.
| VARIABLES | (1) | (2) | (3) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SELF-RATED HEALTH | PHYSICAL HEALTH | MENTAL HEALTH | ||
| Community-based integrated care | 0.529*** (0.096) | 0.089 (0.155) | 1.065*** (0.098) | |
| Demographic characteristics | Age ≥ 80 | 0.037 (0.046) | –0.004 (0.073) | –0.077* (0.043) |
| Gender | 0.027 (0.045) | 0.113 (0.069) | –0.044 (0.042) | |
| Primary | 0.075 (0.050) | 0.037 (0.077) | 0.292*** (0.047) | |
| Junior high school and above | 0.040 (0.051) | 0.098 (0.080) | 0.312*** (0.048) | |
| Household registration | 0.177*** (0.048) | 0.023 (0.071) | 0.430*** (0.045) | |
| Family characteristics | Marital status | –0.136*** (0.047) | 0.030 (0.072) | 0.299*** (0.044) |
| Property ownership | 0.148* (0.079) | –0.030 (0.112) | 0.183** (0.072) | |
| Residential arrangement | 0.117** (0.055) | 0.056 (0.081) | 0.078 (0.053) | |
| Number of children | 0.016 (0.012) | –0.007 (0.019) | –0.004 (0.011) | |
| Social security characteristics | Public medical insurance | –0.066 (0.062) | 0.068 (0.090) | –0.077 (0.058) |
| Public pension insurance | 0.007 (0.043) | 0.001 (0.065) | 0.098** (0.040) | |
| Commercial medical insurance | 0.062 (0.231) | –0.495 (0.329) | 0.048 (0.203) | |
| Commercial pension insurance | 0.310* (0.187) | –0.156 (0.239) | 0.222 (0.146) | |
| Health characteristics | Single chronic disease | –0.425*** (0.046) | –0.604*** (0.089) | –0.065 (0.044) |
| Multiple chronic diseases | –1.113*** (0.048) | –1.289*** (0.081) | –0.325*** (0.044) | |
| Underweight | –0.312*** (0.057) | –0.458*** (0.084) | –0.229*** (0.053) | |
| Overweight | 0.147*** (0.047) | 0.010 (0.074) | 0.144*** (0.044) | |
| Obesity | –0.005 (0.064) | –0.295*** (0.088) | 0.008 (0.060) | |
| Lifestyle characteristics | Smoking | 0.043 (0.055) | 0.047 (0.092) | 0.087* (0.051) |
| Drinking | 0.345*** (0.054) | 0.190** (0.095) | 0.333*** (0.051) | |
| Exercise | 0.563*** (0.042) | 0.079 (0.065) | 0.645*** (0.039) | |
| Pseudo R2 | 0.0355 | 0.0452 | 0.0231 | |
| N | 9998 | 9998 | 9998 |
[i] Note: Standard errors in parentheses; ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1.
Table 3
PSM results of community-based integrated care on the health of older adults.
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Panel 1: self-rated health | ||||
| T | 3.731 | 3.731 | 3.731 | 3.732 |
| C | 3.454 | 3.478 | 3.460 | 3.436 |
| Difference | 0.277*** (0.050) | 0.253*** (0.044) | 0.271*** (0.044) | 0.296*** (0.048) |
| Panel 2: physical health | ||||
| T | 0.863 | 0.863 | 0.863 | 0.864 |
| C | 0.846 | 0.853 | 0.852 | 0.847 |
| Difference | 0.017 (0.020) | 0.010 (0.018) | 0.011 (0.018) | 0.017 (0.020) |
| Panel 3: mental health | ||||
| T | 25.173 | 25.173 | 25.173 | 25.172 |
| C | 23.395 | 23.386 | 23.237 | 23.294 |
| Difference | 1.777*** (0.186) | 1.787*** (0.165) | 1.935*** (0.163) | 1.878*** (0.174) |
[i] Note: *p < 0.10, ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05. Column (1) shows estimates by k-nearest neighbor matching; Column (2) shows estimates by radius matching; Column (3) shows estimates by kernel matching; Column (4) shows estimates by Mahalanobis matching.
Table 4
The 2SLS results of community-based integrated care on old people’s health.
| VARIABLES | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| COMMUNITY-BASED INTEGRATED CARE | SELF-RATED HEALTH | PHYSICAL HEALTH | MENTAL HEALTH | ||
| Community-based integrated care ratio | 0.893*** (0.045) | ||||
| Community-based integrated care | 2.894*** (0.302) | 0.267*** (0.093) | 14.911*** (1.279) | ||
| Demographic characteristics | Age ≥ 80 | 0.003 (0.005) | –0.006 (0.025) | –0.002 (0.009) | –0.232** (0.101) |
| Gender | 0.001 (0.005) | 0.014 (0.024) | 0.014* (0.009) | –0.044 (0.098) | |
| Middle school | 0.001 (0.005) | 0.033 (0.026) | 0.004 (0.010) | 0.507*** (0.108) | |
| High school and above | 0.016*** (0.005) | –0.028 (0.027) | 0.007 (0.010) | 0.333*** (0.111) | |
| Household registration | –0.004 (0.005) | 0.070*** (0.026) | 0.002 (0.009) | 0.654*** (0.108) | |
| Family characteristics | Marital status | 0.001 (0.005) | –0.070*** (0.025) | 0.003 (0.009) | 0.471*** (0.101) |
| Property ownership | 0.020** (0.008) | 0.028 (0.041) | –0.009 (0.015) | 0.119 (0.165) | |
| Residential arrangement | –0.011** (0.006) | 0.093*** (0.030) | 0.012 (0.010) | 0.347*** (0.121) | |
| Number of children | –0.005*** (0.001) | 0.025*** (0.006) | 0.001 (0.002) | 0.094*** (0.026) | |
| Social security characteristics | Public medical insurance | –0.022*** (0.006) | 0.042 (0.035) | 0.016 (0.012) | 0.218 (0.149) |
| Public pension insurance | –0.010** (0.004) | 0.035 (0.022) | 0.003 (0.008) | 0.309*** (0.092) | |
| Commercial medical insurance | –0.015 (0.024) | 0.072 (0.114) | –0.064 (0.051) | 0.299 (0.515) | |
| Commercial pension insurance | –0.019 (0.016) | 0.194** (0.090) | –0.014 (0.033) | 0.607* (0.365) | |
| Health characteristics | Single chronic disease | 0.002 (0.005) | –0.199*** (0.025) | –0.056*** (0.008) | –0.174* (0.103) |
| Multiple chronic diseases | –0.007 (0.005) | –0.493*** (0.025) | –0.150*** (0.009) | –0.583*** (0.102) | |
| Underweight | –0.005 (0.006) | –0.120*** (0.029) | –0.055*** (0.011) | –0.291** (0.117) | |
| Overweight | –0.001 (0.005) | 0.049* (0.025) | 0.000 (0.009) | 0.155 (0.105) | |
| Obesity | 0.008 (0.006) | –0.058 (0.035) | –0.044*** (0.013) | –0.208 (0.145) | |
| Lifestyle characteristics | Smoking | –0.011* (0.006) | 0.048 (0.029) | 0.007 (0.010) | 0.302*** (0.117) |
| Drinking | 0.010* (0.006) | 0.125*** (0.030) | 0.017* (0.010) | 0.418*** (0.124) | |
| Exercise | 0.004 (0.004) | 0.243*** (0.022) | 0.009 (0.008) | 1.110*** (0.092) | |
| R2 | 0.051 | 0.923 | 0.852 | 0.970 | |
| N | 9998 | 9998 | 9998 | 9998 |
[i] Note: Standard errors in parentheses; ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1.
Table 5
Results of the Heterogeneity Analysis.
| COMMUNITY-BASED INTEGRATED CARE | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| SELF-RATED HEALTH | PHYSICAL HEALTH | MENTAL HEALTH | |
| Panel 1: By age | |||
| Age < 80 (N = 4033) | 0.496*** (0.154) | –0.118 (0.236) | 1.068*** (0.148) |
| Age ≥ 80 (N = 5965) | 0.639*** (0.128) | 0.314 (0.214) | 1.101*** (0.134) |
| Panel 2: By gender | |||
| Male (N = 4650) | 0.334** (0.150) | –0.045 (0.218) | 0.908*** (0.136) |
| Female (N = 5348) | 0.763*** (0.143) | 0.333 (0.222) | 1.191*** (0.139) |
| Panel 3: By residential arrangement | |||
| Alone (N = 1688) | 0.691*** (0.222) | 1.071** (0.479) | 1.358*** (0.192) |
| Not alone (N = 8310) | 0.493*** (0.107) | –0.027 (0.167) | 0.979*** (0.112) |
| Panel 4: By household registration | |||
| Rural (N = 7196) | 0.621*** (0.119) | 0.098 (0.221) | 1.496*** (0.123) |
| Urban (N = 2802) | 0.457*** (0.165) | 0.823 (0.619) | 0.457*** (0.152) |
[i] Note: Robust standard errors in parentheses. ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1.