Table 1
Case management elements.
| Monitoring | Tracking functioning and well-being of people with ABI and family members. In the present study, a digital monitoring system is used for this purpose (described below). |
| Identification | Identification of questions, problems and needs (based on monitoring) that hinder functioning and well-being at the time they emerge. |
| Assessment | Assessing the nature and severity of the presented problem, burden on and capabilities of the person with ABI and the family member, the role of their social network, making implicit or unmentioned questions and problems explicit, drawing conclusions about the core problem in the individual context |
| Information | Providing information and education on the (impact of) ABI to assist understanding, information or education related to the question or problem (with a focus on capabilities to self-manage the problems), informing on available care and support services. |
| Support | Guiding decision-making with regard to managing the problem, providing practical or psychosocial support for relatively mild problems (focused on maintaining or improving self-management). |
| Referral | Referring to more specialized care or support for relatively complex problems and guiding decision-making with regard to what available services to use. |
| Coordination | Supporting access to services, facilitating collaboration between different service providers and bringing about appropriate care when this is not available through the regular services. |
Table 2
Demographic and injury-related information of participants.
| PEOPLE WITH ABI (n = 62) | FAMILY (n = 36) | |
|---|---|---|
| Age, years (mean ± standard deviation) | 53.79 ± 15.08 | 56.67 ± 10.65 |
| Gender, F/M | 29/33 | 29/7 |
| Educational level, %a | ||
| Low (1–4) | 19.4 | 13.9 |
| Middle (5) | 50.0 | 55.6 |
| High (6–7) | 30.6 | 30.6 |
| Type of brain injury*, % | ||
| Cerebrovascular accident | 53.2 | |
| Traumatic brain injury | 27.4 | |
| Transient ischaemic attack | 9.7 | |
| Hypoxia | 3.2 | |
| Brain tumour | 3.2 | |
| Other cerebrovascular disorder | 1.6 | |
| Meningitis | 1.6 | |
| Time since injury, years (mean ± standard deviation) | 5.7 ± 7.74 | |
| Prior brain injury, % | 35.5 | |
| Living situation, % | ||
| Alone | 26.2 | |
| With partner | 37.7 | |
| With partner and children | 24.6 | |
| With children | 4.9 | |
| With other people | 6.6 | |
| Unknown | 1.6 | |
| Relationship with person with ABI, % | ||
| Partner | 66.7 | |
| Parent | 16.7 | |
| Child | 8.3 | |
| Sibling | 8.3 | |
| Living together with person with ABI, yes/no | 77.8 |
[i] *Diagnosis was objectified by a medical specialist in 53 cases, of two this was unknown, of seven patients their inclusion was based on receiving care on a brain injury indication or complaints that suggest brain injury. a Based on Verhage educational categories.
Table 3
Results for the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale total scores for PwABI.
| ADJUSTED EFFECTS ESTIMATES | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | OBSERVED MEAN (SD) | MEAN DIFFERENCE (95% CI) | P-VALUE | OVERALL | |
| baseline | 62 | 17.37 (8.87) | reference | F(3) = 1.963, p = .123 | |
| 6 months | 43 | 16.33 (8.80) | –0.79 (–2.63–1.05) | .397 | |
| 12 months | 44 | 15.98 (9.21) | –1.06 (–2.88–0.77) | .253 | |
| 18 months | 38 | 14.80 (9.39) | –2.34 (–4.27 – –0.42) | .017* | |
[i] *No longer significant after applying Bonferroni correction.
Figure 1
Estimated marginal means of total scores of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale per time point of PwABI. Whiskers indicate 95% confidence intervals.
Table 4
Results for the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale total scores for family members.
| ADJUSTED EFFECTS ESTIMATES | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | OBSERVED MEAN (SD) | MEAN DIFFERENCE (95% CI) | P-VALUE | OVERALL | |
| baseline | 36 | 16.78 (8.60) | reference | F(3) = 2.639, p = .060 | |
| 6 months | 25 | 14.12 (8.70) | –2.51 (–5.09–0.06) | .055 | |
| 12 months | 24 | 12.92 (8.25) | –3.88 (–6.81 – –0.96) | .010 | |
| 18 months | 21 | 13.62 (9.21) | –3.86 (–7.46 – –0.25) | .037* | |
[i] *No longer significant after applying Bonferroni correction.
Figure 2
Estimated marginal means of total scores of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale per time point of family members. Whiskers indicate 95% confidence intervals.